Bryn Mawr Classical Review

Joseph E. Skinner, The Invention of Greek Ethnography: From Homer to Herodotus. Greeks overseas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Pp. xi, 343. ISBN 9780199793600. $85.00.

Reviewed by S.C. Caneva, Université de Liège (s.caneva@ulg.ac.be)

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This dense, well-written and documented book lives up to the formidable aim of providing fresh reappraisal of the origin of ethnographic literature in Greek as well as of the dynamics of interconnectivity between the Greeks and other peoples in the archaic Mediterranean world prior to the Persian Wars. The title, which at first sight sets the discussion within a traditional framework with regard to both literary sources and the general interpretation of the question, may look somewhat misleading. But it can also be considered as a lure for readers before the author makes a significant turn in taking his own approach to the problem of the origin of Greek ethnography. From the first chapter, indeed, it becomes evident that Skinner considers this invention not as an ancient one but as the result of nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholarship, while his arguments substantially combine literary with material documentation. This interest in material evidence has a twofold purpose. First, material evidence disentangles modern research from a reductive Athenocentric approach, which is substantially based on an unbalanced focus on Athenian literary works in comparison with sources from the rest of the Greek world. In a broader sense, this choice corresponds to James Clifford's encompassing definition of ethnography as the practice of "writing and thinking about culture" from an outsider's perspective (p. 6). Skinner claims that traces of the practice of thinking about the Others are to be found not merely in literature, but also in what he labels as the "day-to-day realities of cross-cultural interaction" (p. 127; cf. the revealing title "Reading objects, viewing people: everyday activities at the center of all things "Greek"). The archaeologically traceable movements of people and artifacts - in particular of figurative media such as coins, pottery, wrought metalwork and sculpture - enhanced by trade, colonization and the frequenting of sanctuaries, draw the picture of an interconnected Mediterranean. Within this framework, any interest in the culture and life of other peoples, even the most remote, would be reductively interpreted if applied to only one side of the cultures in contact, i.e., the Greeks.

Admittedly, Skinner stops one step short of a full-fledged cross-cultural method, as he pays too little attention to how non-Greek outlooks on Greek-speaking people may have contributed to mold the Greeks' awareness of their unifying cultural characteristics. However, as much as one may regret that the focus of the book is still unbalanced in favor of a Greek perspective, this orientation can be explained by the fact that Skinner principally deals with how modern scholars have constructed interpretative models of the birth of Greek historiography and of the Greek way to negotiate and construct identities. In this regard, the target of Skinner's questioning is not only the alignment of a variety of literary ethnographic practices (from the late 6^th to the 5^th centuries BC) within a single evolutionary trend leading to the birth of historiography, but also the underpinning assumption that ethnographic thought and Greek identity were born as a common product of the fifth-century clash against Persia. The author aims at deconstructing an ever-present but unsatisfactory scholarly dichotomy between Greeks and barbarians, which has been projected from post-war Athens to everywhere else in the Greek world. In doing so, he is conscious of the most up-to-date approaches replacing an essentialist concept of identity, presumably built through differentiation from a conceptualized "Other", with the contextual and functional interpretation of network theory. Most recent approaches understand both identities and differences as fluid and continuously re-negotiated cultural constructions, which mean different things for different social agents and belong in a wider process of self-definition, which only makes full sense within a well-defined historical context.

After a concise but thorough discussion of modern scholarship on the origins of Greek ethnography and identity (Chapter 1), Skinner turns to analyzing ancient Greek ways of imagining differences with other peoples living elsewhere in both time and space (Chapter 2). Chapter 3 reviews discursive strategies (lists, epithets, imaging) by which ethnographic knowledge is constructed and shared. Chapter 4 is devoted to three local case studies (Olbia on the Black Sea; South Calabria; Olympia and Delphi). These convincingly show that thinking about identity and difference was far from being a peculiar trait of colonial borders in the Greek world. Even there, moreover, Skinner stresses that contacts must be re-examined case by case within well-defined contexts rather than assuming a unidirectional influence from Greeks to non-Greeks. Such a univocal direction would remain too rigid even when it envisages the possibility of local resistance or productive reaction as a consequence of the contact with colonial influences.

Overall, Skinner achieves the goal of showing that well before the clash of civilizations entailed by the Persian Wars, non-Greeks played an important role in the process that led Greeks to define their identity. More precisely, non-Greeks were not only "good to think with"- i.e. they provided conceptual tools with which shared characteristics and differences could be defined - but they also acted as real agents sharing geographical places as well as social, economic and cultural dynamics with the Greeks. Non-Greeks were constantly present, if not always personally, then certainly through artifacts, images and narratives, in the everyday life of Greek communities. As such, they stimulated the practice of thinking about differences and identities well before stand-alone prose devoted to a single land or people became common in Greek literature. If one criticism can be made, it is that Skinner deals too briefly with the question of how nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholarship has inherited and inserted in modern paradigms pieces of ancient political ideology and literary criticism dealing with the origin of Greek ethnography and the dualism Greek vs. barbarian. A lengthier discussion of this topic would have perhaps helped us better appreciate how modern scholarship under examination is indebted to concepts and paradigms already present – at least partly or in an implicit way – in ancient literary sources, although ancient ideas are adapted to the new agendas.¹

While Skinner's argument does not stand alone in contemporary scholarship, overall, it manages to be fresh and original. In addition, the perspective from which the author discusses literary texts is still quite rare among classicists. Finally, two positive aspects deserve to be pointed out. First, the author is particularly aware of his theoretical approach by prefatorily claiming that he is a "child of his time", that is to say, that he combines "critical approaches to consumption and reception, culture theory, social networks, postcolonial studies" (p. 19). Second, when resuming the main themes of the book in the concluding section (Chapter 5), the author never pretends to definitively resolve problems, but he instead puts forward his analyses as a contribution to a bigger theoretical edifice yet to come. Throughout the book, broad methodological questions and prudent re-positioning of precise problems get the better of assertive statements and comprehensive solutions. Besides being well informed and pleasantly readable, this book therefore has the great value of being an invitation to drive research on intercultural contacts forward through a self-aware injection of new theoretical approaches and interdisciplinary methodology.

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Notes:

1.   See for instance the introduction to Moyer, Egypt and the Limits of Hellenism, Cambridge 2011, p. 1-41, where a detailed criticism of recent scholarship from a post-colonial perspective is combined with a discussion of ancient texts having influenced modern interpretations.

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M. G. L. Cooley (ed.), Tiberius to Nero. Lactor, 19. London: London Association of Classical Teachers, 2011. Pp. 450. ISBN 9780903625340. £18.00 (pb).

Reviewed by Caillan Davenport, University of Queensland (c.davenport@uq.edu.au)

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This book is a collection of ancient source material for the reigns of the Roman emperors Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero translated into English. The intended audience is senior high school and undergraduate students. The editor, M. G. L. Cooley, has taken the sound decision to exclude the works of Tacitus, Suetonius, and Cassius Dio, since they are already available in good English translations. Instead, the book makes a valuable contribution by concentrating on sources that will be less familiar to students, but which are no less important for understanding the Julio-Claudian period. The collection includes substantial excerpts from writers such as Velleius Paterculus and Seneca the Younger, as well as a rich panoply of documentary and visual evidence. Cooley and his team of distinguished collaborators have produced a magnificent source book, featuring accurate and readable translations, and helpful notes.¹

The work is divided into two main parts. Part 1, 'Sources', consists of eight sections: the Acts of the Arval Brothers for A.D. 15-66; a list of consuls, both ordinary and suffect, for A.D. 14-68; Velleius Paterculus, History of Rome 2.124-131; selections from Philo's Embassy to Gaius; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 19.1-275; Seneca's Apocolocyntosis; selections from Seneca's On Clemency; and selections from Octavia. The notes provide appropriate guidance pitched at the right level for the book's intended audience, with cross-references to Tacitus, Suetonius and Dio, as well as other documents in the sourcebook. The list of consuls is particularly helpful for students who will not yet be ready to consult the Prosopographia Imperii Romani but still need to distinguish the various Cornelii and Calpurnii.

Part 2, 'Themes', arranges the source material under eleven rubrics: Imperial Family; Rome and Italy; Religion and Imperial Cult; Administration of Empire; War and Expansions; Conspiracies, Revolts and Scandals; Popular Entertainment; Learning, Literature, Arts and Culture; Slaves and Freedmen; Tyranny: Panegyric or Invective; Upper Classes. Each section has been clearly demarcated and sub-divided, making it easy to go straight to the evidence for a variety of individuals and topics, such as Tiberius Gemellus (J24a-c), Claudius' invasion of Britain (N13-N30), or imperial freedmen (S18-S32). Part 2 contains a comprehensive selection of literary sources, coins, inscriptions, papyri, and artworks. In addition to old favourites such as Caligula's sestertius depicting his three sisters (J22a) and Claudius' speech on the admission of the Gauls to the senate (M11), we find new translations of poems from the Palatine Anthology (an epigram for Poppaea's birthday, J27c) and other collections (a poem in praise of Claudius' conquest of Britain, N16). The section on members of the imperial family is particularly excellent: under Germanicus (J7a-q), for example, we are presented with sources such as Albinovanus Pedo fragment 1, on Germanicus' naval expedition of A.D. 16 (J7b); P. Oxy. XXV 2435 recto, Germanicus' address to the people of Alexandria (J7e); and RIC Gaius 12, a coin of Caligula featuring Germanicus (J7n). It is a particular virtue of Cooley's collection that the coins are accompanied by high-quality illustrations, as opposed to some previous sourcebooks, which only translated the legends and described the images on the coins.²

The book features excellent translations and commentaries of the epigraphic evidence, for which credit goes to A. E. Cooley. In addition to the Acts of the Arval Brothers in Section A, the collection includes new translations of the Tabula Siarensis and Tabula Hebana (J8a-q) and the Senatus consultum de Cn. Pisone patre (P3). These documents have been sub-divided for the ease of the student reader, who might otherwise get lost, and the notes helpfully explain unfamiliar institutions or political terminology (e.g. p. 171, on the Salian priests; p. 316, on maius imperium). There is also a section on the Sebasteion at Aphrodisias, which includes translated inscriptions from the architrave and statue bases (L36a-f) as well as high-quality photographs of the monument itself (L36g-L36j). The cross-referencing allows a student to examine the relief of Claudius subduing Britannia, complete with its Greek inscription (L36h), and then turn to a translation of the text (N28). It is unfortunate that more images of inscriptions could not be included to give students a sense of the various contexts in which epigraphic texts are found. However, this may have been prohibitively costly, and teachers and university lecturers now have access to a wide range of images from online epigraphic databases which they can use to supplement a sourcebook such as this.

Overall, this is an outstanding collection of source material, which will be of enormous use to high school students and undergraduates, and to their teachers. I have already made use of it in my own university course on Roman imperial history, and intend to do so for a long time to come.

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Notes:

1.   The collaborators and their contributions are (according to the preface on p. 9): A. E. Cooley (translator and commentator on inscriptions), M. T. Griffin (notes on Seneca), A. Harker (notes on Josephus), B. M. Levick (notes on Velleius Paterculus), S. Moorhead (assistance with coins), E. C. Othen (translator of Apocolocyntosis and Embassy to Gaius), B. W. J. G. Wilson (translator of all other literary texts), and T. P. Wiseman (notes on Octavia).
2.   For example, D. C. Braund, Augustus to Nero: A Sourcebook on Roman History (London, 1985); R. K. Sherk, The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian (Cambridge, 1988).

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Andrew Crislip, Thorns in the Flesh: Illness and Sanctity in Late Ancient Christianity. Divinations: rereading late ancient religion. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013. Pp. 238. ISBN 9780812244458. $65.00.

Reviewed by Wendy Mayer, Centre for Early Christian Studies, Australian Catholic University (wendy.mayer@acu.edu.au)

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The topics of Egyptian monasticism in particular and late-ancient asceticism in general have sparked a veritable explosion of research in the past decade, to which Crislip's latest book contributes substantially. The subject is a natural extension of his earlier work on the locus of the origins of organized health care in Pachomian monasticism,¹ particularly Chapter 3 of that book ("The Social World of Monastic Sickness and Health"), where he reflected in brief on the ambiguities surrounding the refusal of treatment by some monks, who "hypervaluated" sickness as a form of ascetic discipline. The central preoccupation of Thorns in the Flesh is exploring how late ancient Christians, notably ascetics and their followers, made meaning of the illness of the saints. Crislip concludes that early Christian attitudes towards illness were in themselves an ambiguous territory. The sick ascetic did not presage any stable meaning. If there is one mild frustration with this otherwise thorough book it is that, while deftly opening up that territory to our gaze, he has difficulty (at times) resisting the urge to stabilize it.

Crislip conducts his exploration in six chapters: three dealing with health and sanctity, three with sanctity and sickness, in which each topic is addressed in roughly chronological order. These are prefaced (pp. 6-12) by a careful discussion of the sources used – mostly Egyptian (to the mid sixth century), some Palestinian, some Cappadocian – and a rationale for why others (the works of Shenoute, for instance) have been left out. In this respect Crislip sees this book as an initial exploration of the topic rather than an end in itself, with potential for expansion. The author displays a firm command of the textual and transmission difficulties associated with his sources, laying a firm foundation for the chapters that follow.

Chapter One ("Illness, Sanctity, and Asceticism in Antiquity: Approaches and Contexts") begins by evoking Palladius' accounts of the sick monks Benjamin and Stephen in the Historia Lausiaca, two homilies by John Chrysostom in which he reflects on why the saints fall ill, and John Cassian's Conferences on the moral ambiguity posed by the deaths and illnesses of saints and sinners. For Crislip these works are characteristic of a common focus in Christian literature on the moral and religious interpretation of illness and are adduced as an entry point to the variety of ways in which illness is accorded meaning as a signifier of sin and sainthood. The second half of the chapter contains a discussion of Crislip's method and approach. In his reading of illness in late ancient literature he identifies two interrelated concerns: function and meaning. These he draws out through an eclectic set of interpretive frames, appealing to the work of Susan Sontag, Byron Good, and Alfred Schutz, among others, to demonstrate the complementarity of the narrowing of experience and transformation of the normal life-world of both the ascetic and the sufferer of illness. Studies of the dissociation of self and body brought about by illness, the disruption by illness of sociality (illness as alienation from society), and the distorting effect of sickness on the perception of time all serve to explain how illness itself could be viewed as ascetic practice. Similarly, the problem of bodily control noted by the sociologist Arthur Frank, and the analysis of the destabilization of the autonomous self by the action of bacteria and parasites by the psychologist David Barash, are adduced as an aid to understanding how illness came to be viewed as a threat to asceticism. Turning from function to meaning, the explanation by the medical anthropologist Arthur Kleinman of the multiple significations that illness gives rise to, the importance of social context, and the constantly shifting states of such signification, is appealed to as a basis for expecting the sufferings of the saints to be laden even more deeply with moral and religious meaning.

Chapter Two ("Asceticism, Health, and Christian Salvation History: Perspectives from the Earliest Monastic Sources") introduces a theme prevalent in one strand of monastic literature: the enjoyment by monks of extraordinary and preternatural health (the monastery as a type of Eden, the desert as the realm of health). This is prefaced by a discussion of the relationship between materiality and transcendence as evoked in stories such as that of Apelles in the Historia monachorum, which sets the scene for the real focus of the chapter: the view of illness and health as a component of monastic life in three corpora of early monastic letters. In the letters to the monks Nepheros and Paphnutius of the monastery of Hathor concerns for the monks' health signify little more than the tenuous nature of the benefits that the monks bestows on their clients (access to the divine is only as secure as the monks' health). By contrast Crislip reads Pachomius' Letter 5 in the light of his earlier work on the role played by Pachomian monasticism in the development of the hospital: sickness is both an opportunity for acts of mutual aid and a threat to that obligation. While sickness is of moral and theological import, it "warns of the moral precariousness of the healthy, rather than … of the sufferer" (p. 48). The Letters of Antony, on the other hand, are rich with an Origenist medical christology that focuses on humanity's reclamation of its primordial health. What Crislip sees as exceptional and new in Antony's reception of Christus medicus theology is the role of the ascetic. The sacraments are sidelined in favor of locating Christ's saving medicine in ascetic practice.

Chapter Three ("Paradise, Health, and the Hagiographical Imagination") explores what happened in between Antony's letters and the Historia monachorumby turning to hagiography (the Life of Antony, Life of Paul of Thebes, and Life of Onnophrius). For Crislip, Athanasius argues in the Life of Antony that proper ascetic practice leads to the elimination of illness, while in the other two lives Jerome and Paphnutius subtly critique the Antonian model. Jerome attempts via the presentation of an alternative hyperhealthy hermit who has reclaimed paradise to dislodge the canonical status of Antony as the desert ascetic to be emulated; Paphnutius hyperbolizes the paradisiacal character of the interior desert to the point that its extraordinary prelapsarian health is no longer accessible to the monks of his generation.

Up to this point the focus has been ascetic health. Chapter Four ("Choosing Illness: Illness as Ascetic Practice") moves to what Crislip considers to be the far more interesting topic of making meaning out of ascetic illness. Here he moves from setting out the thesis that the association between ascetic health and merit made ascetic illness contentious to exploring the meaning located in ascetic illness in the writings of Basil and Evagrius and in the Life of Syncletica. For Basil, self-induced illness is a threat to (communal) monastic discipline and orthodoxy, while illness is at the same time a model for ascetic practice (it imposes self-control). For Evagrius, illness induced through extreme ascetic practice is viewed negatively and attributed to the misappropriation of role models from hagiography and the Bible. Crislip notes that this reading is in direct contrast to the spiritual benefits attributed to such practice in Evagrius' own life in the Greek and Coptic bioi. In the Life of Syncletica illness (which should be endured thankfully) imposes ascetic discipline (the benefit of voluntary submission), while all other forms of voluntary suffering (extreme ascetic practice) are viewed as excessive. In this context, to continue askesis in spite of illness is the subject of condemnation. Framing illness as a choice, on the other hand, transforms illness itself into a spiritual exercise.

Chapters Five ("Pestilence and Sainthood: The Great Coptic Life of Our Father Pachomius") and Six ("Illness and Spiritual Direction in Late Ancient Gaza: The Correspondence of Barsanuphius and John with the Sick Monk Andrew") explore how the spiritual exercise of illness became elaborated in two different domains: hagiography and spiritual direction. The latter chapter, with its appeal to medical anthropology, offers insight into how the relationship between illness and sanctity continued to be troubling and to require elucidation. The former is invaluable for Crislip's novel analysis of Pachomius as a model for the sick saint.

There are some minor problems. In Chapter 2 (p. 42) Crislip states that sixteen of the thirty-five letters to Nepheros and Paphnutius "explicitly mention the author's hopes for the monks' continued health", but many of these turn out to be standard epistolary topoi (e.g. errosthai se euchomai) and his claim that one can read an increased insistence of worry into the topoi expressed in this particular body of letters raises the question as to why we should accept his case that concern over the addressee's health has special meaning in a monastic context. Also in Chapter 3 Crislip presents Jerome's Life of Paul as a subtle critique of the meaning of asceticism and health presented in the Life of Antony, but this has little to do with the ideology of monastic health, which, as Crislip himself admits, is in both works essentially the same. Finally, in Chapter 4, although he draws a coherent meaning for illness from the Life of Syncletica, his own analysis suggests that there are two divergent views promoted in the biographical chapters (1-21, 103-13) and the collected teachings (22-102) that they bracket. In all of these instances one wonders if an urge to stabilize the meaning of the sick ascetic, despite the instability for which he argues, has led to a degree of over-interpretation. None of these quibbles seriously undermines his argument, however. Thorns in the Flesh is as valuable for the analysis and insight it offers into individual texts and epistolary corpora as it is for its insights into the sick saint. At the same time it offers a reflection on the meaning of illness that resonates well beyond the late ancient world into the present.

The book is remarkably free of typographic and grammatical errors, an increasingly rare phenomenon in modern publishing, and both author and editor are to be commended.

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Notes:

1.   Andrew Crislip, From Monastery to Hospital: Christian Monasticism and the Transformation of Health Care in Late Antiquity, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005.

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Martti Leiwo, Hilla Halla-aho, Marja Vierros (ed.), Variation and Change in Greek and Latin. Papers and monographs of the Finnish Institute at Athens, 17. Helsinki: Foundation of the Finnish Institute at Athens, 2012. Pp. iii, 177. ISBN 9789526721149.

Reviewed by Jerker Blomqvist, Lund University (jerker.blomqvist@gmail.com)

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[The Table of contents is listed at the end of the review.]

"Variation is the essence of language", Martti Leiwo reminds us in the introductory chapter of the volume under review, and variation is a prerequisite of linguistic change. Competing linguistic forms always exist in a given speech community; when one of them starts to dominate over the others—or, alternately, disappears—the effect is a change in the linguistic system. The book contains the revised versions of papers presented at a colloquium arranged by its editors at the Finnish Institute of Athens in September 2009 with the aim to study what kinds of variation existed within the definable varieties (or "registers" or "fractions") of Latin and ancient Greek and to determine, if possible, the reasons for the occurring variations. The period chosen for study extends from the fourth century B.C. to the sixth A.D. Linguistic data are retrieved from a variety of texts, mostly from original documents (papyri, graffiti, formal inscriptions) but also from literary works preserved in medieval manuscripts.

Variation within language communities has been studied with modern linguistic methods at least since the 1960s. For modern languages there now exist large digitized text corpora with grammatical annotation. In them, variation can be studied with predominantly quantitative methods. The ancient corpus languages mostly offer only a limited amount of data for the study of an individual phenomenon and require a different approach. Leiwo and the other contributors repeatedly underline that a qualitative method of analysis is necessary. All textual evidence should be taken into account, but the significance of individual data must be assessed with reference to the purpose of the text, the situation in which it was produced, and the writer's person.

The available corpus of Greek and Latin texts is constantly expanding, if only by small steps. Leiwo demonstrates, with a syntactical phenomenon as example, how new data compel us to adjust our ideas about the degree of variation existing in the ancient languages. Mandilaras, in 1973, had claimed that the construction with τοῦ + infinitive had become regular with expressions like μὴ ἀμελήσῃς 'don't forget (to)'. Leiwo shows that recently published ostraca papyrus letters display a wide variation of constructions with μὴ ἀμελήσῃς (vel sim.): infinitive without article, aorist imperative, aorist subjunctive, future indicative, ἵνα clause, etc. The syntactic variation was much greater than indicated by the material available to Mandilaras.

The relevance of a qualitative evaluation of the data is demonstrated by Trevor Evans. He has worked with the vast Zenon Archive (third century B.C.), applying "a combined linguistic, onomastic, and paleographic method". With paleographic analysis he identifies three individuals who sent letters to Zenon and wrote some of them with their own hand. One of them, on the whole, writes standard Greek, i.e. the variety of the Attic dialect that became the norm of formal prose writing in the Hellenistic period. Frequent deviations from the orthographic norm characterize a second writer. In the third set of texts too syntactical errors are usual, presumably due to bilingual interference, for the writer's name, Petosiris, may indicate Egyptian ethnicity (although names are not reliable as indicators of ethnicity, as other contributors to the volume point out). Other letters from the same senders are written by professional scribes in their service, and these show individual stylistic features. Thus, these texts reflect a linguistic community characterized by a high degree of variation. Evans' findings could probably be generalized for Hellenized Egypt as a whole, possibly for other Greek diasporas in the Mediterranean area as well.

Marja Vierros investigates another set of Greek texts from Egypt, contracts for the sale of landed property in the town of Pathyris from the second and first centuries B.C. The texts show that the writers had problems with case syntax and frequently confused the genitive and the accusative in the long nominal phrases by which the purchased properties were identified. Vierros aims to decide whether those deviations from the norm are due the idiolects of individual, presumably bilingual, scribes or if they belonged to a variety of the language in general use among the staff of the agoranomos. She concludes that the documents were written by Egyptians who were used to drawing up analogous contracts in their own language. The contracts in Greek were modeled on their Egyptian counterparts and by a "phraseological transfer" a number of Egyptianisms crept into the Greek documents. The degree of confusion exhibited by individual scribes varies, perhaps due to varying efficiency of training, but on the whole the deviations from the Greek norm are not idiolectic phenomena but features common to the linguistic community of the agoranomos office.

The sociolinguistic landscapes of both Latin and ancient Greek had one fateful feature in common: they were both dominated by a normative, standard variety of the language, which was taught at schools and regarded as the only correct language, both in antiquity and afterwards. Classicists have tended to regard that norm as the only genuine manifestation of the language and all deviations from it as marks of linguistic incompetence. In her paper Hilla Halla- aho shows that certain features that have been classified as manifestations of "vulgar" Latin are attested in texts of the pre-classical period (Terentius); they cannot be examples of later corruption or degeneration of Classical Latin, and we may suspect that this also applies to a number of other phenomena attested in post-classical texts. As a linguistic term "Latin", without further qualification, traditionally refers to Classical Latin, and "vulgar Latin" is everything that cannot be attested in the canonical texts. Halla-aho recommends that the qualification "vulgar" should be avoided for such phenomena, that "Latin" should be used as the generic term for all varieties of the language, and that Classical Latin should be regarded as one of those varieties, on par with the others.

The existence of a normative, prestigious variety of the language tends to retard the natural development of the colloquial language, but at the same time colloquial forms will creep into texts intended by their writers to follow a literary standard. Gerd V.M. Haverling shows how the tensions between the conservative and colloquial varieties of Latin manifest themselves in the manuscript tradition of a great number of literary texts of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The examples discussed include all sorts of linguistic phenomena: reduction of the case system, case forms versus preposition phrases, subordination and its alternatives, modifications of the verbal system, vocabulary. The individual manuscripts that preserve a certain text often deviate in these respects. Thus, Haverling can present a vast amount of data but must admit that it is mostly impossible to decide whether the non-standard phenomena appearing in a manuscript are due to the original writer or to the scribe who copied the text, and a scribe who knew his Latin could have "corrected" sub-standard forms appearing in the original. Only in the few cases when a writer reproduces, more or less verbally, an actual or imaginary conversation do such texts afford reliable testimony to the development of colloquial Latin.

Giovanbattista Galdi treats a morphological phenomenon of sub-standard Latin, viz. the nominative plurals in as of first-declension substantives (e.g. filias for filiae), which occur in, mostly non-literary, texts from the first century B.C. until early Middle Ages (and are likely to have survived into most modern Romance languages). The phenomenon has been discussed repeatedly for the last 100 years, as appears from Galdi's overview of previous research. His own survey of the material shows that, even when 35 uncertain cases are deducted, the number of known instances has almost doubled since 1909, and examples are now known from all the western provinces of the empire, plus Dacia, the two Moesiae and the two Pannoniae. The phenomenon was certainly widespread in spoken, sub- standard Latin. Galdi does not claim to provide a universally valid explanation of the phenomenon but points to three factors that are likely to have favored its progress: (i) the general spreading of the accusative to new syntactical functions; (ii) a tendency, after the merger of ae with e, to reintroduce the characteristic a vowel in all forms of first-declension substantives; (iii) in tomb inscriptions, where the as forms are common, it was felt important to distinguish a female dedicatee, whose name was a dative in ae or e, from, e.g., her dedicating daughters, who could be referred to, in the nominative, as filias.

Rolando Ferri describes Roman strategies for giving negative answers to appeals and demands. Ferri takes most of his material from literary texts, comedies in the first place and the grammarians' metalinguistic comments on them. The focus is on discursive devices rather than on words and phrases. There seems to be little difference between standard and sub-standard language varieties in this field. Rather it is pragmatic factors—the mutual relationship of the parties involved and the immediate situation—that decide what strategy is chosen for making the answer at the same time polite, non-offensive and unambiguous.

Three papers treat the influence of Greek and Latin on each other. Paolo Poccetti also includes other Italic languages in his survey of originally Greek divine and mythological names in documents from Italy, and it appears that more than one Greek dialect has left traces in his material. The name of the hero Aias becomes Aivas in Etruscan, so its model must have come from a Greek dialect with preserved intervocalic digamma, whereas Latin Aiax, gen. Aiacis, stems from an Ionic dialect without digamma but may testify to the existence of a Greek stem in κ instead of ντ , unattested but possibly traceable in the names of Aias' grandfather Αἰακός and his descendants, the Αἰακίδαι. Ionic Ἀπόλλων becomes Apollo in Latin, and also Etruscan, Marsian and Faliscan have o or u in the second syllable, whereas Oscan Appellunei and Vestinian Apellune mirrors Doric Ἀπέλλων. For Greek Ἄρτεμις/Ἄρταμις, Etruscan Artumes, Messapian Artemes, etc., the Romans substitute their own Diana. Greek influence is evident in these names but it may have several sources and use different routes, and all details are not clear.

Heikki Solin discusses the linguistic situation in Campania. At some date Latin must have become the dominant language in this area, where it had earlier been rivaled by other Italic languages and by Greek. Unfortunately, the epigraphic material does not reveal that date, for it is mostly later than this language change. Only Naples provides relevant material but, according to Solin, the permanence of Greek in this originally Greek colony is not typical of the situation in Campania. The Pompeian inscriptions are, with few exceptions, in Latin, but the graffiti contain more Greek. The interpretation of these texts is difficult, and Solin suggests that the standard editions should be corrected or reinterpreted in a considerable number of cases. He also points out that a graffito in Greek, strictly speaking, only shows that its author used Greek for writing graffiti, not how often he used the language for other purposes. Also onomastics and writing habits are unreliable indicators; a Greek name does not necessarily reveal a person's ethnicity or language habits, and writing Latin with Greek letters, or vice versa, perhaps only belongs to the genre conventions of graffiti writing. Greek was present in Pompeii, but to what extent cannot be determined.

Eleanor Dickey explains why the Latin loanwords in Greek are essential for the more general question of Latin influence on Greek. She criticizes the existing corpora for indiscriminately classifying any Latin word appearing in a Greek text as a loanword. Only words integrated in the system of the borrowing language—phonetically, orthographically, morphologically, semantically—and appearing with some frequency tell us something about the impact of the source language. Most Latin loanwords have been recorded from papyri and inscriptions, but Dickey finds the testimony of those texts problematic and focuses on certain types of literary texts. When a Greek lexicographer explains an uncommon Greek word with its Latin-derived equivalent, when a purist like Phrynichus condemns the current use of a Latin word, or when Latin words are used without further explanation in the New Testament and other texts intended solely for speakers of Greek, the Latin words qualify as integrated loanwords. Dickey has created a corpus of more than 600 such words (which she modestly calls "preliminary"). Her material includes "a solid group of real loanwords" that had been fully integrated with Greek. They are not confined to texts with specialized contents but appear in practically all semantic areas and, contrary to expectation, a majority of them were not borrowed in late Antiquity, after the imperial capital had been established on Greek soil, but more than half of them had been introduced, if not fully integrated, into Greek before the fourth century A.D.

Dickey's list of 600 fully integrated words does not appear in the volume. One gets the impression that considerations of space have prevented also other contributors from developing their arguments in full. Several of them refer the reader to their own more comprehensive treatments of the theme of their papers, others present their material more fully. Bibliographies, some of them vast, appear with the individual papers. Indexes of passages and words would have been useful but are not added. The phenomena of variation and change have not always been fully understood by classicists, which could be deplored, since the two classical languages, with their long, documented history provide valuable material for the study of these matters. The present volume is a stimulating reminder of that fact.

Table of Contents

Preface
Abbreviations
Martti Leiwo, 'Introduction: Variation with Multiple Faces'
Hilla Halla-aho, 'What Does 'Latin' Mean? A Terminological Pamphlet'
T.V. Evans, 'Linguistic and Stylistic Variation in the Zenon Archive'
Marja Vierros, 'Phraseological Variation in the Agoranomic Contracts from Pathyris'
Eleanor Dickey, 'Latin Loanwords in Greek: A Preliminary Analysis'
Paolo Poccetti, 'Reflexes of Variations in Latin and Greek through neither Latin nor Greek Documentation: Names of Greek Religion and Mythology in the Languages of Ancient Italy'
Heikki Solin, 'On the Use of Greek in Campania'
Rolando Ferri, 'How to say No in Latin: Negative Turns, Politeness and Pragmatic Variation'
Giovanbattista Galdi, 'Again on as-nominatives: A New Approach to the Problem'
Gerd V.M. Haverling, 'Literary Late Latin and the Development of the Spoken Language'
List of Contributors
(read complete article)

Books Received April 2013.

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Alaux, Jean (ed.). Hérodote: formes de pensée, figures du récit. Histoire. Série Histoire ancienne. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2013. 206 p. € 16.00 (pb). ISBN 9782753521810.

*Aldrete, Gregory S., Scott Bartell and Alicia Aldrete. Reconstructing ancient linen body armor: unraveling the linothorax mystery. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013. viii, 279 p. $29.95. ISBN 9781421408194.

*Alonso Troncoso, Víctor and Edward M. Anson (edd.). After Alexander: the time of the Diadochi (323-281 bc). Oxford; Oakville, CT: Oxbow Books, 2013. x, 277 p. $72.00. ISBN 9781842175125.

**Armstrong, Pamela (ed.). Authority in Byzantium. Publications of the Centre for Hellenic Studies, King's College London, 14. Farnham; London; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2013. xix,, 366 p. $134.95. ISBN 9781409436089.

*Austin, Colin (ed.). Menander, Eleven plays. Cambridge Classical Journal: proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society. Supplementary volume, 37. Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, 2013. xiii, 84 p. £ 35.00 (pb). ISBN 9780956838124.

*Balzaretti, Ross. Dark Age Liguria: regional identity and local power, c. 400-1050. Studies in early medieval history. London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013. vii, 184 p. $27.95 (pb). ISBN 9781780930305.

**Baumbach, Manuel and Wolfgang Polleichtner (edd.). Innovation aus Tradition: literaturwissenschaftliche Perspektiven der Vergilforschung. BAC - Bochumer Altertumswissenschaftliches Colloquium, Bd 93. Trier: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2013. 248 p. € 26.50 (pb). ISBN 9783868214482.

Bazzaz, Sahar, Yota Batsaki and Dimiter Angelov (edd.). Imperial geographies in Byzantine and Ottoman space. Hellenic studies, 56. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University, 2013. viii, 274 p. $24.95 (pb). ISBN 9780674066625.

*Becker, Audrey and Nicolas Drocourt (edd.). Ambassadeurs et ambassades au coeur des relations diplomatiques Rome - Occident Médiéval - Byzance (VIIIe s. avant J.-C. - XIIe s. après J.-C.). Centre de Recherche Universitaire Lorrain d'Histoire, Universite de Lorraine - site de Metz, 47. Metz: Centre de Recherche Universitaire Lorrain d'Histoire, 2012. x, 436 p. € 22.00 (pb). ISBN 2857300549.

*Bermon, Emmanuel and Gerard O'Daly (edd.). Le De Trinitate de saint Augustin: exegese, logique et noetique. Actes du colloque international de Bordeaux, 16 - 19 juin 2010. Collection des Études Augustiniennes: Série Antiquité, 192. Paris: Institut d'Études Augustiniennes, 2012. viii, 372 p. € 33.00 (pb). ISBN 9782851212504.

Bitto, Gregor. Lyrik als Philologie: zur Rezeption hellenistischer Pindarkommentierung in den Oden des Horaz. Mit einer rhetorisch-literarkritischen Analyse der Pindarscholien. Litora classica, Bd 4. Rahden: VML Verlag Marie Leidorf, 2012. 513 p. € 42.80 (pb). ISBN 9783867574747.

*Bontempi, Milena and Giovanni Panno (edd.). L'anima della legge: studi intorno ai Nomoi di Platone. Filosofia e politica. Milano: Polimetrica, 2012. 179 p. € 21.00 (pb). ISBN 9788876992322.

*Bouchon, Richard, Pascale Brillet-Dubois and Nadine Le Meur-Weissman (edd.). Hymnes de la grèce antique: approches littéraires et historiques. Collection de la Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 50; Série littéraire et philosophique, 17. Lyon: Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée – Jean Pouilloux, 2012. 408 p. € 42.00 (pb). ISBN 978235668031042.

*Bowersock, G. W. Throne of Adulis: Red Sea wars on the eve of Islam. Emblems of antiquity. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. xix, 181 p. $24.95. ISBN 9780199739325.

**Cameron, Averil (ed.). Late antiquity on the eve of Islam. The formation of the classical Islamic world, 1. Farnham; London; Burlington, VT: Ashgate Variorum, 2013. 520 p. $225.00. ISBN 9781409400707.

Cleary, John J. Studies on Plato, Aristotle and Proclus: collected essays on ancient philosophy of John J. Cleary (edited by John Dillon, Brendan O'Byrne, Fran O'Rourke). Ancient Mediterranean and medieval texts and contexts. Studies in Platonism, Neoplatonism, and the Platonic tradition, 15. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013. xxix, 609 p. $277.00. ISBN 9789004233232.

**De Angelis, Francesco, Jens-Arne Dickmann, Felix Pirson and Ralf von den Hoff (edd.). Kunst von unten?: Stil und Gesellschaft in der antiken Welt von der "arte plebea" bis heute. Beiträge zu einem Kolloquium anlässlich des 70. Geburtstags von Paul Zenker, Rom, Villa Massimo, 8. bis 9. Juni 2007. Palilia Bd 27. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2012. 184 p. € 29.90 (pb). ISBN 9783895009150.

*De Keyser, Jeroen and W. Scott Blanchard (ed.; trans.). Francesco Filelfo. On exile. The I Tatti Renaissance library, 55. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2013. xxvi, 485 p. $29.95. ISBN 9780674066366.

*Di Giuseppe, Lidia. Euripide. Alessandro. Prosopa, 5. Lecce: Pensa MultiMedia, 2012. 219 p. € 30.00 (pb). ISBN 9788867600243.

*Dickenson, Christopher P. and Onno M. van Nijf (edd.). Public space in the post-classical city: proceedings of a one day colloquium held at Fransum, 23rd july 2007. Caeculus, 7. Leuven: Peeters, 2013. xxi, 224 p. € 40.00 (pb). ISBN 9789042926530.

*Dufour, Richard (ed., trans.). Alexandre d'Aphrodise. De l'âme II (Mantissa). Collection Zêtêsis. Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval, 2013. xiii, 169 p. $25.00 (pb) ISBN 9782763715032.

*Franchi, Roberta (ed., trans., comm.). Nonno di Panopoli. Parafrasi del Vangelo di S. Giovanni: canto sesto. Biblioteca patristica, 49. Bologna: EDB Edizioni Dehoniane Bologna, 2013. 522 p. € 48.00 (pb). ISBN 9788810420638.

*Fujii, Takashi. Imperial cult and imperial representation in Roman Cyprus. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2013. 248 p. € 44.00 (pb). ISBN 9783515102575.

*Garcia, Lorenzo F., Jr. Homeric durability: telling time in the Iliad. Hellenic studies, 57. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies, trustees for Harvard University, 2013. viii, 321 p. $22.50 (pb). ISBN 9780674073234.

*Gardner, James (trans.). Girolamo Fracastoro. Latin poetry. The I Tatti Renaissance library, 57. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2013. xx, 537 p. $29.95. ISBN 9780674072718.

*George, Michele (ed.). Roman slavery and Roman material culture. Phoenix supplementary volumes, 52. Toronto; Buffalo; London: University of Toronto Press, 2013. vii, 240 p., [47] p. of plates. $75.00. ISBN 9781442644571.

*Gildenhard, Ingo and Andrew Zissos (edd.). Transformative change in Western thought: a history of metamorphosis from Homer to Hollywood. London: Legenda, 2013. xv, 522 p. $99.50. ISBN 9781907975011.

*Giordano, Fausto. Percorsi testuali oraziani: tra intertestualità critica del testo ed esegesi. Edizioni e saggi universitari di filologia classica, 68. Bologna: Pàtron editore, 2013. 127 p. € 12.00 (pb). ISBN 9788855531900.

*Gouwens, Kenneth (ed., trans.). Paolo Giovio. Notable men and women of our time. ITatti Renaissance Library, 56. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2013. xxi, 760 p. $29.95. ISBN 9780674055056.

Grandjean, Catherine, Christophe Hugoniot and Brigitte Lion (edd.). Le banquet du monarque dans le monde antique. Table des hommes. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2013. 547 p. € 24.00 (pb). ISBN 9782753521414.

*Grene, David and Richmond Lattimore (edd.). The Complete Greek Tragedies. Third edition (edited by Mark Griffith and Glenn W. Most) (12 vols.). Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 2013. [3,536] p. (pb). ISBN 9780226311449; 9780226311470; 9780226308807; 9780226308784; 9780226308821; 9780226308968; 9780226308982; 9780226311517; 9780226311555; 9780226035284; 9780226035598; 9780226035932.

*Harris, W. V. (ed.). Mental disorders in the classical world. Columbia studies in the classical tradition, 38. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013. xv, 512 p. $229.00. ISBN 9789004249820.

*Harrison, George W. M. and Vayos Liapis (edd.). Performance in Greek and Roman theatre. Mnemosyne supplements. Monographs on Greek and Latin language and literature, 353. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013. vii, 590 p. $252.00. ISBN 9789004244573.

*Haskell, Yasmin. Prescribing Ovid: the Latin works and networks of the enlightened Dr Heerkens. London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013. xii, 268 p. $110.00. ISBN 9780715637234.

Haspels, C. H. Emilie. I am the last of the travelers: Midas city excavations and surveys in the highlands of Phrygia (edited by Dietrich Berndt with contributions by Halet Çambel; 2nd revised and enlarged edition). Istanbul: Archaeology and Art Publications, 2012. 196 p., [52] p. of plates. (pb). ISBN 9786053960294.

**Hoepfner, Wolfram. Halikarnassos und das Maussolleion: die modernste Stadtanlage der späten Klassik und der als Weltwunder gefeierte Grabtempel des karischen Königs Maussollos. Darmstadt: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2013. 160 p. € 29.99. ISBN 9783805346092.

*Holloway, R. Ross. The hand of Daedalus. Three lectures on ancient Greek art and architecture delivered at Washington University, St. Louis in 1997. [Providence, RI]: R. Ross Holloway, 2012. 62 p. (pb). ISBN 9781475175424.

*Kasprzyk, Dimitri and Christophe Vendries (edd., trans., comm.). Spectacles et désordre à Alexandrie: Dion de Pruse, Discours aux Alexandrins. Histoire. Série Histoire ancienne. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2012. 214 p. € 16.00 (pb). ISBN 9782753520509.

Koch, John T. and Barry W. Cunliffe (edd.). Celtic from the West 2: rethinking the Bronze Age and the arrival of Indo- European in Atlantic Europe. Celtic studies publications, 16. Oxford; Oakville, CT: Oxbow Books, 2013. viii, 237 p. $70.00. ISBN 9781842175293.

Konstantakos, Ioannis M. Ακίχαρος, τόμ. Γ: Η Διήγηση του Αχικάρ και η Μυθιστορία του Αισώπου. Athens: Εκδόσεις Στιγμή, 2013. 616 p. (pb). ISBN 9789602692509.

*Lagouanère, Jérôme. Intériorité et réflexivité dans la pensée de saint Augustin: formes et genèse d'une conceptualisation. Collection des Études Augustiniennes. Série Antiquité, 194. Paris: Institut d'Études Augustiniennes, 2012. 694 p. € 46.00 (pb). ISBN 9782851212511.

*Leeming, David. Medusa: in the mirror of time. London: Reaktion Books, 2013. 128 p. $25.00. ISBN 9781780230955.

**Legras, Bernard and Gerhard Thür (edd.). Symposion 2011: etudes d'histoire du droit grec et hellenistique (Paris, 7-10 septembre 2011) = Vorträge zur griechischen und hellenistischen Rechtsgeschichte (Paris, 7.-10. September 2011). Akten der Gesellschaft für griechische und hellenistische Rechtsgeschichte, Bd 23. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2012. vii, 434 p. € 58.00 (pb). ISBN 9783700173700.

*Lelli, Emanuele (ed.). Quinto di Smirne. Il seguito dell'Iliade di Omero. Testo greco a fronte. Il pensiero occidentale. Milano: Bompiani, 2012. lxxxviii, 956 p. € 30.00. ISBN 9788845272394.

*Lo Cascio, Elio (ed.). L'impatto della "peste antonina". Pragmateiai, 22. Bari: Edipuglia, 2012. 368 p. € 70.00. ISBN 9788872286388.

*Luschnig, Cecelia Eaton (trans.). Euripides: The Orestes plays. Indianapolis; Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 2013. xxxvii, 227 p. $12.95 (pb). ISBN 9781603849326.

Lyons, Claire L., Michael Bennett and Clemente Marconi (edd.). Sicily: art and invention between Greece and Rome. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2013. xxi, 254 p. $60.00. ISBN 9781606061336.

*Maiuro, Marco. Res Caesaris: ricerche sulla proprietà imperiale nel Principato. Pragmateiai, 23. Bari: Edipuglia, 2012. 480 p. € 70.00. ISBN 9788872286555.

Mastrocinque, Attilio (ed., trans., comm.). Giuliano l'Apostata, Discorso su Helios re. Studia classica et mediaevalia, Bd 5. Nordhausen: Verlag Traugott Bautz, 2011. iii, 113 p. € 20.00 (pb). ISBN 9783883091020.

*May, James M. A Cicero reader: selections from five essays and four speeches, with five letters. BC Latin readers. Mundelein, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc., 2012. xxxviii, 136 p. $19.00 (pb). ISBN 9780865167131.

*Medda, Enrico. La saggezza dell'illusione: studi sul teatro greco. Pisa: Edizioni ETS, 2013. xvi, 487 p. € 35.00 (pb). ISBN 9788846735799.

*Melero, Antonio, Mikel Labiano and Matteo Pellegrino (edd.). Textos fragmentarios del teatro griego antiguo: problemas, estudios y nuevas perspectivas. Prosopa, 4. Lecce: Pensa MultiMedia, 2012. 260 p. € 30.00 (pb). ISBN 9788882329396.

*Meyboom, Paul G. P. and Eric M. Moormann. Le decorazioni dipinte e marmoree della domus aurea di Nerone a Roma (2 vols.). Babesch supplements, 20. Leuven; Paris; Walpole, MA: Peeters, 2013. viii, 287 p.; vii, 190 p. € 105.00 (pb). ISBN 9789042925458.

*Nagy, Agnès A. and Francesca Prescendi (edd.). Sacrifices humains: dossiers, discours, comparaisons. Actes du colloque tenu à l'Université de Genève, 19-20 mai 2011. Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études - Sciences religieuses, 160. Turnhout: Brepols, 2013. 274 p. € 50.00 (pb). ISBN 9782503548098.

*Papadogiannakis, Yannis. Christianity and Hellenism in the fifth-century Greek East: Theodoret's apologetics against the Greeks in context. Hellenic studies, 49. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies, trustees for Harvard University Press, 2012. x, 183 p. $19.95 (pb). ISBN 9780674060678.

*Papadopoulos, John K. and Gary Urton (edd.). The construction of value in the ancient world. Cotsen advanced seminar series, 5. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, University of California, Los Angeles, 2012. xxviii, 612 p., [24] p. of color plates. $65.00. ISBN 9781931745901.

*Piazza, Francesca and Salvatore Di Piazza. Verità verosimili: l'eikos pensiero greco. Semiotica e filosofia del linguaggio, 4. Milano; Udine: Mimesis Edizioni, 2012. 150 p. € 14.00 (pb). ISBN 9788857515212.

*Redford, Scott and Nina Ergin (edd.). Cities and citadels in Turkey: from the Iron Age to the Seljuks. Ancient Near Eastern studies supplements, 40. Leuven; Paris; Walpole, MA: Peeters, 2013. x, 346 p. € 86.00. ISBN 9789042927124.

*Rey, Sarah. Écrire l'histoire ancienne à l'École française de Rome (1873-1940). Collection de l'École française de Rome, 462. Rome: École française de Rome, 2012. 489 p. € 60.00 (pb). ISBN 9782728309320.

*Riu, Xavier and Jaume Pòrtulas (edd.). Approaches to archaic Greek poetry. Orione, 5. Messina: Dipartimento di scienze dell'antichità, 2012. xiv, 294 p. € 48.00 (pb). ISBN 9788882680305.

*Roman, Yves. Marc Aurèle: l'empereur paradoxal. Biographie Payot. Paris: Éditions Payot and Rivages, 2013. 493 p. € 27.50 (pb). ISBN 9782228908634.

Rowan, Clare. Under divine auspices: divine ideology and the visualisation of imperial power in the Severan period. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. xvi, 303 p. $110.00. ISBN 9781107020122.

*Sbardella, Livio. Cucitori di canti: studi sulla tradizione epico-rapsodica greca e i suoi itinerari nel VI secolo a.C. Seminari romani di cultura greca, 14. Roma: Edizioni Quasar, 2012. 282 p. € 31.00 (pb). ISBN 9788871404820.

*Scapini, Marianna. Temi greci e citazioni da Erodoto nelle storie di Roma arcaica. Studia classica et mediaevalia, Bd 4. Nordhausen: Verlag Traugott Bautz, 2011. 363 p. € 40.00 (pb). ISBN 9783883096759.

*Scheidel, Walter (ed.). The Cambridge companion to the Roman economy. Cambridge companions to the ancient world. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. xii, 443 p. $39.99 (pb). ISBN 9780521726887.

*Schmitzer, Ulrich (ed.). Enzyklopädie der Philologie: Themen und Methoden der Klassischen Philologie heute. Vertumnus, Bd 11. Göttingen: Edition Ruprecht, 2012. 313 p. € 52.00. ISBN 9783846901243.

Schwartz, Daniel L. Paideia and cult: Christian initiation in Theodore of Mopsuestia. Hellenic studies, 57. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University, 2013. xii, 170 p. $24.95 (pb). ISBN 9780674067035.

*Shayegan, M. Rahim. Aspects of history and epic in ancient Iran from Gaumâta to Wahnâm. Hellenic studies 52. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University, 2012. xv, 227 p. $24.95 (pb). ISBN 9780674065888.

*Stefanelli, Rossana. La temperatura dell'anima: parole omeriche per l'interiorità. Università degli studi di Firenze; quaderni del Dipartimento di linguistica - studi, 10. Padova: Unipress, 2010. viii, 242 p. € 30.00 (pb). ISBN 9788880982753.

*Stoneman, Richard and Tristano Gargiulo (edd.). Il Romanzo di Alessandro Volume II. Scrittori greci e latini, . Roma; Milano: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla; Arnoldo Mondadori editore, 2012. lxviii, 451 p., 11 p. of plates. € 30.00. ISBN 9788804613992.

Torchia, Joseph. Restless mind: curiositas and the scope of inquiry in St. Augustine's psychology. Marquette studies in philosophy, 83. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 2013. 312 p. $29.00 (pb). ISBN 9780874627190.

*Tsagalis, Christos. From listeners to viewers: space in the Iliad. Hellenic studies, 53. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University, 2012. xi, 553 p. $29.95 (pb). ISBN 9780674067110.

*Tsakmakis, Antonis and Mélina Tamiolaki (edd.). Thucydides between history and literature. Trends in classics - supplementary volumes, 17. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2013. xv, 531 p. $154.00. ISBN 9783110297683.

**Turpin, William. Ovid: Amores Book 1. Dickinson College commentaries. 2012. http://dcc.dickinson.edu/ovid-amores/amores-1-1.

*Ucciardello, Giuseppe. Hypomnemata papiracei e lessicografia: tra Alessandria e Bisanzio. Quaderni di Orione, 1. Messina: Dipartimento di Civiltà antiche e moderne - Università degli Studi di Messina, 2012. 149 p. € 25.00 (pb). ISBN 9788882680343.

Valentini, Alessandra. Matronae tra novitas e mos maiourm: spazi e modalità dell'azione pubblica femminile nella Roma medio repubblicana. Memorie. Classe di scienze morali, lettere ed arti, 138. Venezia: Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, 2012. xxxi, 315 p. € 45.00 (pb). ISBN 9788895996400.

*Valerio, Francesco (ed., trans., comm.). Ione di Chio. Frammenti elegiaci e melici. Eikasmos, 21. Bologna: Pàtron editore, 2013. 173 p. € 20.00 (pb). ISBN 9788855532280.

van den Broek, R. Gnostic religion in antiquity (English translation by Anthonia Runia; first published in Dutch in 2010). Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. viii, 255 p. $95.00. ISBN 9781107031371.

*Villacèque, Noémie. Spectateurs de paroles! Délibération démocratique et théâtre à Athènes à l'époque classique. Histoire. Série Histoire ancienne. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2013. 432 p. € 20.00 (pb). ISBN 9782753522145.

*Viscido, Lorenzo. Carmi Latini. Raccolta e versione italiana a cura di Leonardo Calabretta; introduzione di Giacinto Namia. Catanzaro: Arcidiocesi Metropolitana di Catanzaro-Squillace, 2013. 113 p. € 10.00 (pb). ISBN 9788890834806.

*Walsh, P. G. (ed., trans., comm.). Augustine: De civitate Dei Books VIII and IX. Aris and Phillips classical texts. [Warminster]: Aris and Phillips, 2013. vi, 193 p. $38.00 (pb). ISBN 9780856688539.

*Wareh, Tarik. The theory and practice of life: Isocrates and the philosophers. Hellenic studies, 54. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University, 2012. viii, 236 p. $24.95 (pb). ISBN 9780674067134.

**Warland, Rainer. Byzantinisches Kappadokien. Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie. Darmstadt: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2013. 144 p. € 29.99. ISBN 9783805345804.

*Williams, Rose and Hans-Friedrich Mueller. Caesar: a LEGAMUS transitional reader. The Legamus transitional reader series. Mundelein, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc., 2013. xxviii, 287 p. $29.00 (pb). ISBN 9780865167339.

*Woerther, Frédérique (ed., trans., comm.). Apollodore de Pergame, Théodore de Gadara. Fragments et témoignages. Collection des Universités de France 493. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2013. xlvii, 186 p. € 39.00 (pb). ISBN 9782251005775.

Again Available

*Horster, Marietta and Anja Klöckner (edd.). Civic priests: cult personnel in Athens from the Hellenistic period to late antiquity. Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und Vorarbeiten, Bd 58. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. 249 p. $150.00. ISBN 9783110258073.

*Jeffreys, Elizabeth (ed., trans., comm.). Four Byzantine novels: Theodore Prodromus, Rhodanthe and Dosikles; Eumathios Makrembolites, Hysmine and Hysminias; Constantine Manasses, Aristandros and Kallithea; Niketas Eugenianos, Drosilla and Charikles. Translated texts for Byzantinists, 1. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2012. 504 p. £ 75.00. ISBN 9781846318252.

*Pagán, Victoria Emma (ed.). A companion to Tacitus. Blackwell companions to the ancient world. Malden, MA; Oxford; Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. xvii, 599 p. $199.95. ISBN 9781405190329.

*Zerba, Michelle. Doubt and skepticism in antiquity and the Renaissance. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. x, 260 p. $99.00. ISBN 9781107024656.

Still Available

*Becker, Gloria (ed., comm.). Titus Calpurnius Siculus: Kommentar zur 5. und 6. Ekloge. Bochumer Altertumswissenschaftliches Colloquium, Bd 90. Trier: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2012. 162 p. € 20.00 (pb). ISBN 9783868214109.

*Bernabé, Alberto, Madayo Kahle and Marco Antonio Santamaría (edd.). Reencarnación: la transmigración de las almas entre Oriente y Occidente. Lecturas de historia. Madrid: Abada Editores, 2011. 687 p. € 28.00 (pb). ISBN 9788415289258.

*Bingham, Sandra. The Praetorian Guard: a history of Rome's elite special forces. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2013. xi, 240 p., [16] p. of plates. $29.95. ISBN 9781602586499.

*Blasi, Massimo. Strategie funerarie: onori funebri pubblici e lotta politica nella Roma medio e tardorepubblicana (230-27 a.C). Studi e ricerche, 1. Roma: Sapienza Università Editrice, 2012. xii, 334 p. € 22.00 (pb). ISBN 9788895814773.

**Bouchon, Richard, Pascale Brillet-Dubois and Nadine Le Meur-Weissman (edd.). Hymnes de la Grèce antique: approches littéraires et historiques. Actes du Colloque international de Lyon, 19- 21 juin 2008. Collection de la Maison de l'Orient, 50; Série littéraire et philosophique, 17. Lyon: Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée – Jean Pouilloux, 2012. 408 p. € 42.00. ISBN 9782356680310.

*Canuti, Massimiliano. Basco ed etrusco: due lingue sottoposte all'influsso indoeuropeo. Studia erudita, 7. Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2008. 249 p. € 58.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862270496.

*Capone, Alessandro (ed.). Lessico, argomentazioni e strutture retoriche nella polemica di età cristiana (III-V sec). Recherches sur les rhétoriques religieuses, 16. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2012. ix, 452 p. € 70.00 (pb). ISBN 9782503543918.

*Chaniotis, Angelos (ed.). Unveiling emotions: sources and methods for the study of emotions in the Greek world. HABES: Heidelberger althistorische Beiträge und epigraphische Studien, Bd 52. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012. 487 p. € 69.00 (pb). ISBN 9783515102261.

*Citti, Francesco and Alessandro Iannucci (edd.). Edipo classico e contemporaneo. Spudasmata, Bd 149. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 2012. liv, 450 p. € 78.00 (pb). ISBN 9783487148724.

*Crouwel, J. H. Chariots and other wheeled vehicles in Italy before the Roman Empire. Oxford; Oakville, CT: Oxbow Books, 2012. xv, 234 p. $80.00. ISBN 9781842174678.

**Delattre, Charles (ed., trans., comm.). Nommer le monde: origine des noms de fleuves, de montagnes et de ce qui s'y trouve. Pseudo Plutarque De fluviis. Mythographes. Villeneuve d'Ascq: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 2011. 192 p. € 25.00. ISBN 9782757402054.

*Devillers, Olivier and Karin Sion-Jenkis (edd.). César sous Auguste. Scripta antiqua, 48. Bordeaux: Ausonius Éditions, 2012. 264 p. € 25.00 (pb). ISBN 9782356130716.

*Dickey, Eleanor (ed., trans., comm.). The colloquia of the Hermeneumata Pseudodositheana, Volume 1: Colloquia Monacensia-Einsidlensia, Leidense-Stephani, and Stephani. Cambridge classical texts and commentaries, 49. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. xi, 276 p. $150.00. ISBN 9781107020108.

*Duthoy, Françoise. Sculpteurs et commanditaires au IIe siècle après J.-C.: Rome et Tivoli. Collection de l'École française de Rome, 465. Rome: École française de Rome, 2013. 198 p. € 68.00 (pb). ISBN 9782728309283.

*Engels, David. Le déclin: la crise de l'Union européenne et la chute de la République romaine. Paris: Éditions du Toucan, 2012. 379 p. € 20.00 (pb). ISBN 9782810005246.

*Fear, Andrew, José Fernández Urbiña and Mar Marcos (edd.). The role of the bishop in Late Antiquity: conflict and compromise. London; New Delhi; New York; Sydney: Bloomsbury, 2013. x, 270 p. $130.00. ISBN 9781780932170.

**Gangloff, Anne (ed.). Lieux de mémoire en Orient grec à l'époque impériale. Echo 9. Bern: Peter Lang, 2013. xiv, 395 p. $64.95. ISBN 9783034313759.

**Graf, Fritz and Sarah Iles Johnston. Ritual texts for the afterlife: Orpheus and the Bacchic gold tablets. Second edition (first published 2007). London; New York: Routledge, 2013. 284 p. $37.95 (pb). ISBN 9780415508032.

*Hansen, Inge Lyse, Richard Hodges and Sarah Leppard. Butrint 4: the archaeology and histories of an Ionian town. Butrint archaeological monographs, 4. Oxford; Oakville, CT: Oxbow Books, 2012. xii, 330 p., [16] p. of plates. $90.00. ISBN 9781842174623.

*Holland, James E. and William J. Dominik (edd.). Petronii Satyricon Concordantia. Alpha-Omega: Reihe A, Lexika, Indizes, Konkordanzen zur klassischen Philologie, 263. Hildesheim; Zürich; New York: Olms-Weidmann, 2013. vi, 564 p. € 198.00. ISBN 9783487148939.

*Hopman, Marianne Govers. Scylla: myth, metaphor, paradox. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. xix, 300 p. $99.00. ISBN 9781107026766.

*Hostein, Antony and Sophie Lalanne (edd.). Les voyages des empereurs dans l'Orient romain: époques antonine et sévérienne. Hespérides. Arles: Éditions Errance, 2012. 303 p. € 36.00 (pb). ISBN 9782877725156.

*Inwood, Brad (ed.). Oxford studies in ancient philosophy, Volume 43 - winter 2012. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. 312 p. $45.00 (pb). ISBN 9780199666171.

*Kohn, Thomas D. The dramaturgy of Senecan tragedy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013. 184 p. $65.00. ISBN 9780472118571.

*Kosman, Aryeh. The activity of being: an essay on Aristotle's ontology. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2013. xv, 277 p. $45.00. ISBN 9780674072862.

*Li Causi, Pietro. Il riconoscimento e il ricordo: fama e memoria nel De beneficiis di Seneca. Letteratura classica, 37. Palermo: Palumbo, 2012. 127 p. € 17.00 (pb). ISBN 9788860176622.

**López Eire, Antonio and Maria del Henar Velasco López. La mitología griega: lenguaje de dioses y hombres. Madrid: Arco Libros, 2012. 806 p. € 32.00. ISBN 9788476358399.

*Mangiameli, Rita. Tra duces e milites: forme di comunicazione politica al tramonto della Repubblica. Polymnia: studi di storia romana, 2. Trieste: Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2012. xx, 412 p. € 30.00 (pb). ISBN 9788883033766.

*Moinier, Bernard. Le sel dans la culture antique. Archaeologica et anthropologica, 1. Kaiserslautern; Mehlingen: Parthenon Verlag, 2012. 225 p. € 24.80 (pb). ISBN 9783942994040.

*Näf, Beat. Testimonia Alt-Paphos. Ausgrabungen in Alt-Paphos auf Cypern, Bd 8. Darmstadt; Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2013. xviii, 116 p. € 49.00. ISBN 9783805345798.

*Navarro Antolín, Fernando. Mateo Alemán: laudes latinas a San Antonio de Padua. Colleción Estudios. Madrid: Liceus, 2013. 227 p. € 20.00 (pb). ISBN 9788497140362.

**Nilson, Kjell Aage, Claes B. Persson, Siri Sande and Jan Zahle. The Temple of Castor and Pollux III: the Augustan temple. Occasionnal papers of the Nordic Institutes in Rome, 4. Roma: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2009. 285 p. € 200.00 (pb). ISBN 9788882654979.

*Passalacqua, Marina, Mario De Nonno and Alfredo Mario Morelli (edd.). Venuste noster: scritti offerti a Leopoldo Gamberale. Spudasmata, Bd 147. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 2012. 726 p. € 98.00. ISBN 9783487148687.

*Pedrique, Natalia. Logos dynastes: Dichtung und Rhetorik in Platons Gorgias. Prismata, Bd 19. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2011. 404 p. $81.95. ISBN 9783631619506.

*Queyrel Bottineau, Anne, Jean-Christophe Couvenhes and Annie Vigourt (edd.). Trahison et traîtres dans l'Antiquité. Actes du colloque international (Paris, 21-22 septembre 2011). De l'archéologie à l'histoire. Paris: De Boccard, 2012. 416 p. € 35.00 (pb). ISBN 9782701803333.

*Romero Recio, Mirella. Viajeros españoles en Pompeya (1748-1936): ecos de un descubrimiento. Madrid: Ediciones Polifemo, 2012. 287 p. € 25.00. ISBN 9788496813762.

*Rose, Peter W. Class in archaic Greece. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. xiii, 439 p. $120.00. ISBN 9780521768764.

**Sauvage, Caroline. Routes maritimes et systèmes d'échanges internationaux au Bronze récent en Méditerranée orientale. Travaux de la Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 61. Lyon: Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée – Jean Pouilloux, 2012. 372 p. € 44.00. ISBN 9782356680280.

*Scappaticcio, Maria Chiara. Papyri Vergilianae: l'apporto della Papirologia alla Storia della Tradizionee virgiliana (I-VI d.C.). Papyrologica Leodiensia, 1. Liège: Presses Universitaires de Liège, 2013. 339 p., [7] p. of plates. € 50.00 (pb). ISBN 9782875620149.

**Sève, Michel and Patrick Weber. Guide du forum de Philippes. Sites et monuments, 18. Athènes: École française d'Athènes, 2012. 91 p. € 19.00. ISBN 9782869582415.

*Shelmerdine, Susan C. Introduction to Latin. Second edition. Newburyport, MA: Focus Publishing, 2013. xvi, 376 p. $34.95 (pb). ISBN 9781585103904.

*Steel, Catherine. The end of the Roman Republic, 146 to 44 BC: conquest and crisis. The Edinburgh history of Ancient Rome. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. xi, 284 p. $40.00 (pb). ISBN 9780748619450.

*Thomasen, Hanne, Annette Rathje and Kristine Bøggild Johannsen (edd.). Vessels and variety: new aspects of ancient pottery. Acta Hyperborea, 13. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2013. xii, 319 p. € 40.00 (pb). ISBN 9788763537513.

*Wade, William Ligon. On the teacher: Saint Augustine and Saint Thomas Aquinas: a comparison. A dissertation presented in 1935 to the faculty of the Graduate School of St. Louis University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy (edited by John P. Doyle). Marquette studies in philosophy, 78. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 2013. 229 p. $25.00 (pb). ISBN 9780874628173.

*Winkelsen, Tristan F. (ed., trans., comm.). Die Centones Luciliani des Janus Dousa Pater: Edition, textkritische Analyse und Kommentar. Bochumer Altertumswissenschaftliches Colloquium, Bd 89. Trier: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2012. 387 p., [6] p. of plates. € 42.50 (pb). ISBN 9783868214062.

**Wolff, Étienne and Philippe Dain (edd., trans., comm.). Fulgence: Mythologies. Mythographes. Villeneuve d'Ascq: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 2013. 220 p. € 25.00. ISBN 9782757404171.

*Woudhuizen, Fred C. (ed., trans., comm.). The Liber linteus: a word for word commentary to and translation of the longest Etruscan text. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Neue Folge, Bd 5. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck Bereich Sprachwissenschaft 2013. 210 p. € 40.00. ISBN 9783851242317.

*Alesse, Francesca and Franco Ferrari (edd.). Epinomide: studi sull'opera e la sua ricezione. Elenchos, 60. Napoli: Bibliopolis, 2012. 539 p. € 50.00 (pb). ISBN 9788870886191.

*Balansard, Anne. Enquête sur la doxographie platonicienne dans la première partie du Théétète. International Plato studies, 29. Sankt Augustin: Academia Verlag, 2012. 260 p. € 59.00. ISBN 9783896655523.

*Barnes, Jonathan. Logical matters: essays in ancient philosophy II (edited by Maddalena Bonelli). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2012. xv, 796 p. $160.00. ISBN 9780199577521.

*Boletsi, Maria. Barbarism and its discontents. Cultural memory in the present. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013. xvi, 300 p. $60.00. ISBN 9780804782760.

**Börner, Susanne. Marc Aurel im Spiegel seiner Münzen un Medaillons: eine vergleichende Analyse der stadtrömischen Prägungen zwischen 138 und 180 n. Chr. Antiquitas. Reihe 1, Abhandlungen zur alten Geschichte, Bd 58. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 2012. x, 372 p. € 79.00. ISBN 9783774937697.

*Briand, Michel (ed.). La trame et le tableau: poétiques et rhétoriques du récit et de la description dans l'Antiquité grecque et latine. La Licorne, 101. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2013. 518 p. € 24.00 (pb). ISBN 9782753521629.

*Calabi, Francesca and Silvia Gastaldi (edd.). Immagini delle origini: la nascita della civiltà e della cultura nel pensiero antico. Collegium politicum. Contributions to classical political thought, 5. Sankt Augustin: Academia Verlag, 2012. 194 p. € 32.00 (pb). ISBN 9783896655530.

*Camerotto, Alberto and Filippomaria Pontani (edd.). Classici contro. Classici contro, 1. Milano: Mimesis, 2012. 211 p. € 16.00 (pb). ISBN 9788857512051.

*Canali De Rossi, Filippo. Tiranni, legislatori e giudici nella Gregia arcaica. Fare storia, 2. Roma: Scienze e Lettere, 2012. xiv, 148 p. € 40.00 (pb). ISBN 9788866870203.

*Cunliffe, Barry. Britain Begins. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. xi, 553 p. $45.00. ISBN 9780199609338.

*Dally, Ortwin, Susanne Moraw and Hauke Ziemssen (edd.). Bild, Raum, Handlung: Perspektiven der Archäologie. Topoi: Berlin studies of the ancient world, 11. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. vi, 254 p. $112.00. ISBN 9783110266337.

*Daneš, Jaroslav. Polical aspects of Greek tragedy / Politické aspekty řecké tragédie. Červený Kostelec: Pavel Mervart, 2012. 166 p. 249 Kč. ISBN 9788074650284.

*Hammond, Martin (trans.). Arrian: Alexander the Great. The Anabasis and the Indica. Oxford world's classics. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. xlv, 380 p. $13.95 (pb). ISBN 9780199587247.

*Hansen, Svend, Daniel Neumann and Tilmann Vachta (edd.). Hort und Raum: aktuelle Forschungen zu bronzezeitlichen Deponierungen in Mitteleuropa. Topoi: Berlin studies of the ancient world, 10. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. vii, 255 p. $140.00. ISBN 9783110290202.

*Haug, Annette. Die Entdeckung des Körpers: Körper- und Rollenbilder im Athen des 8. und 7. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Image and context, 10. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. viii, 773 p. $182.00. ISBN 9783110281552.

*Inwood, Brad and Raphael Woolf (edd.). Aristotle: Eudemian ethics. Cambridge texts in the history of philosophy. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. xxxi, 168 p. $19.99 (pb). ISBN 9780521121422.

**Klebinder-Gauß, Gudrun. Keramik aus klassischen Kontexten im Apollon-Heiligtum von Ägina-Kolonna. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie, 70; Contributions to the chronology of the eastern Mediterranean, 30. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2012. 440 p. € 112.00. ISBN 97837001169499.

**Klemmer, Thomas. Vom Siegerkranz zur Goldmedaille: das Phänomen "Olympia" und seine neuzeitliche Rezeption. Eine kulturhistorische Untersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Berliner Spiele von 1936. Habelts Dissertationsdrucke. Reihe Alte Geschichte, Bd 52. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 2012. viii, 225 p. € 26.00. ISBN 9783774937802.

*Konuk, Koray (ed.). Stephanèphoros de l'économie antique à l'Asie mineure: hommages à Raymond Descat. Mémoires, 28. Bordeaux: Ausonius Éditions, 2012. 421 p. € 70.00. ISBN 9782356130631.

*Lucarini, Carlo M. and Claudio Moreschini (edd.). Hermias Alexandrinus: In Platonis Phaedrum scholia. Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana, BT 2010. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. lxviii, 293 p. $84.00. ISBN 9783110201154.

*Manchester, Karen. Recasting the past: collecting and presenting antiquities at the Art Institute of Chicago (with an essay by Karen B. Alexander). New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2013. 116 p. $24.95. ISBN 9780300191912.

*Merrill, Rodney (trans.). The Argonautika: Apollonios Rhodios. [Berkeley, CA]: Rodney Merrill, 2012. 171 p. (pb). ISBN 9781479128884.

*Miller, Jon. The reception of Aristotle's Ethics. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. x, 310 p. $99.00. ISBN 9780521513883.

**Monson, Andrew. Agriculture and taxation in early Ptolemaic Egypt: demotic land surveys and accounts (P. Agri). Papyrologische Texte und Abhandlungen, 46. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 2012. xii, 176 p. € 65.00. ISBN 9783774938076.

*Mordeglia, Caterina (ed.). Gruppi, folle, popolo in scena: persistenza del classico nella storia del teatro europeo. Labirinit, 144. Trento: Università degli Studi di Trento, Dipartimento di Studi Letterari, Linguistici e Filologici, 2012. 216 p. € 12.00 (pb). ISBN 9788884434456.

*Mundt, Felix (ed.). Kommunikationsräume im kaiserzeitlichen Rom. Topoi: Berlin studies of the ancient world, 6. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. xviii, 278 p. $112.00. ISBN 9783110265934.

*Nenna, Marie-Dominique (ed.). L'Enfant et la mort dans l'Antiquité II: types de tombes et traitement du corps des enfants dans l'antiquité gréco-romaine. Actes de la table ronde internationale organisée à Alexandrie, Centre d'Études Alexandriens, 12-14 novembre 2009. Études Alexandriens, 26. Alexandrie: Centre d'Études Alexandriens, 2012. 611 p. € 40.00. ISBN 9782111286153.

*Noacco, Cristina, Corinne Bonnet, Patrick Marot and Charalampos Orfanos (edd.). Figures du maître: de l'autorité à l'économie. Interférences. Rennes: PUR Rennes, 2013. 362 p. € 20.00 (pb). ISBN 9782753522008.

*Noriega-Olmos, Simon. Aristotle's Psychology of Signification: a commentary on De Interpretatione 16a 3-18. Beiträge zur Altertumskunde, Bd 303. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. x, 185 p. ISBN 9783110287653.

*Petrucci, Federico M. (ed., trans., comm.). Teone di Smirne: Expositio rerum mathematicarum ad legendum Platonem utilium: introduzione, traduzione, commento. Studies in ancient philosophy, 11. Sankt Augustin: Academia Verlag, 2012. 609 p. € 44.50 (pb). ISBN 9783896655509.

*Pezzoli, Federica and Michele Curnis (edd., trans., comm.). Aristotele, La politica,Libro II. Aristotele. La Politica, 2. "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2012. 439 p. € 100.00. ISBN 9788882657574.

**Piso, Ioan. Fasti provinciae Daciae II: die ritterlichen Amtsträger. Antiquitas. Reihe 1, Abhandlungen zur alten Geschichte, Bd 60. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 2013. x, 425 p. € 79.00. ISBN 9783774938236.

*Poethke, Günter, Sebastian Prignitz and Veit Vaelske (edd.). Das Aktenbuch des Aurelios Philammon: Prozessberichte, Annona militaris und Magie in BGU IV, 1024-1027. Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete - Beiheft, 34. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. viii,, 156 p., 20 p. of plates. $126.00. ISBN 9783110282764.

*Reiter, Fabian (ed.). Literarische Texte der Berliner Papyrussammlun: zur Wiedereröffnung des Neuen Museums. Berliner Klassikertexte, 10. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. x, 310 p., 39 p. of plates. $112.00. ISBN 9783110228823.

*Romero Mariscal, Lucía. Virginia Woolf y el Helenismo, 1897-1925. Col-lecció Novatores, 33. València: Edicions Alfons El Magnànim, 2012. 216 p. € 10.98 (pb). ISBN 9788478226214.

**Scappaticcio, M. C. Accentus, distinctio, apex: l'accentazione grafica tra Grammatici Latini e papiri virgiliani. Corpus Christianorum. Lingua patrum, 6. Turnhout: Brepols, 2012. viii, 354 p., [8] p. of plates. € 145.00. ISBN 9782503544380.

**Schmaltz, Bernhard. Attisch-schwarzfigurige und attisch-rotfigurige Importe von der Palästra-Terrasse in Kaunos. Asia Minor Studien, Bd 68. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 2012. viii, 160 p., 5 p. of plates. € 59.00. ISBN 9783774937406.

*Schulte, Hendrich (ed., trans., comm.). Griechische Epigramme der Kaiserzeit - Handschriftlich überliefert, Teil II: Anonyme Epigramme. Text, Übersetzung, Kommentar. Bochumer Altertumswissenschaftliches Colloquium Bd 85. Trier: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2011. 202 p. € 24.50 (pb). ISBN 9783868213089.

**Sonnabend, Holger. Katastrophen in der Antike. Darmstadt: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2013. 168 p. € 19.99. ISBN 9783805346016.

*Taragna, Anna Maria. Ten centuries of Byzantine prose: a selection of Greek texts. Alessandria: Universitas, 2012. lxiv, 319 p. € 25.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862744171.

*Tsochos, Charalampos. Die Religion in der römischen Provinz Makedonien. Potsdamer Altertumswisenschaftliche Beiträge, Bd 40. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012. 278 p. € 56.00 (pb). ISBN 9783515094481.

*Vergin, Wiebke. Das Imperium Romanum und seine Gegenwelten: die geographisch-ethnographischen Exkurse in den "Res Gestae" des Ammianus Marcellinus. Millennium-Studien = Millennium studies Bd 41. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2013. x, 316 p. $154.00. ISBN 9783110296938.

**Zwingmann, Nicola. Antiker Tourismus in Kleinasien und auf den vorgelagerten Inseln: Selbstvergewisserung in der Fremde. Antiquitas. Reihe 1, Abhandlungen zur alten Geschichte, Bd 59. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 2012. xiv, 498 p., [26] p. of plates. € 95.00. ISBN 9783774938113.

*Anderson, James C., Jr. Roman architecture in Provence. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. xv, 291 p. $99.00. ISBN 9780521825207.

*Andreassi, Mario and Massimo Lazzeri (trans., comm.). Quattro discorsi agli allievi (Imerio, Or. 11, 30, 65, 69). Satura, 2. Lecce: Pensa Multimedia, 2012. 119 p. € 15.00 (pb). ISBN 9788867600458.

*Corradi, Michele. Protagora tra filologia e filosofia: le testimonianze di Aristotele. Biblioteca di studi antichi, 96. Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2012. 330 p. € 140.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862274753.

*Cunha Corrêa, Paula da, Marcos Martinho, José Marcos Macedo and Alexandre Pinheiro Hasegawa (edd.). Hyperboreans: essays in Greek and Latin poetry, philosophy, rhetoric and linguistics. São Paulo: Humanitas, 2012. 446 p. (pb). ISBN 9788577321995.

*D'Alessandro, Paolo and Pier Daniele Napolitani (edd., trans., comm.). Archimede latino: Iacopo da San Cassiano e il Corpus Archimedeo alla metà del Quattrocento; con edizione della Circuli dimensio e della Quadratura parabolae. Sciences et savoirs, 1. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2012. 371 p., xxviii p. of plates. € 75.00 (pb). ISBN 9782251220017.

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