Bryn Mawr Classical Review

John Noël Dillon, The Justice of Constantine: Law, Communication, and Control. Law and society in the ancient world. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012. Pp. xiii, 295. ISBN 9780472118298. $75.00.

Reviewed by Charles N. Aull, Indiana University (cnaull@indiana.edu)

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The Justice of Constantine is a revision of Dillon's 2008 Yale doctoral dissertation. It focuses upon Roman government and law. To that end, its central arguments suggests that in as much as Constantine's legislation carried out the administrative work of ensuring justice in the empire, laws also opened up communicative pathways through which the emperor could express favor for his subjects in the provinces and control the imperial bureaucrats who governed them. For example, Constantine's famous edict ad universos provinciales in CTh 9.1.4 from September, 325 not only legislates on the process of how a provincial might report bureaucratic malfeasance but it also articulates to provincials the emperor's personal role in the judiciary, his sincere concern for the well-being of his subjects, and his deep mistrust of members of the imperial administration (pp. 97-100).

For Dillon, the reign of Constantine represents a significant departure from Millar's notion of passive emperorship characteristic of the High Empire. Dillon suggests that Constantine transformed the office of emperor "into a relatively proactive, popularizing autocracy that would persist long after his reign" (p. 6). Dillon proves his arguments brilliantly. His book presents a nuanced reading of Roman law and a provocative portrait of Constantine's reign.

The book commences with a useful literature review and chapter previews in the introduction, followed by eight analytical chapters and a conclusion that provides a brief summary of the core arguments.

Chapter one sorts through several complexities related to the historical compilation of the Codex Theodosianus, the constitutions of which function as Dillon's primary source material. He argues that the compilers of the code included all laws, even obsolete ones, provided that they fulfilled the requirements of leges generales, as Theodosius himself stipulated (CTh. 1.1.5-6). Leges generales came to include edicts, letters to the Senate, and letters to imperial officials. The generalitas of the latter was left to the discretion of the compilers (pp. 25-27). Dillon suggests that the Code took Constantine as its starting place because previous compilations already contained constitutions up through the reign of Diocletian. The Code begins in 312 and not in 306 because the compliers likely used Italian and North African archives, which remained under Maxentius' control until 312.

Scholars concerned with epistolography and late antique rhetoric will find much of interest in Chapters two and three. An idiosyncrasy of Constantine's legislation was the use of a type of edict called an "epistolary edict," which incorporated characteristics of Latin letter writing such as the familiar salutatio. Dillon argues that this epistolary style corresponded succinctly with the emperor's preference for using legislation as a method of direct communication with his subjects. We learn more about the rhetorical nature of Constantine's legislation in chapter three, in which Dillon reassess the decline of classical jurisprudence in Late Antiquity. He shows that under the Tetrarchy the language of law shifted toward the rhetorical art of persuasion and away from the pragmatic, terse classicism of the High Empire. This transition is seen early on in Diocletian's edicts and administrative letters. However, the usage of ornate and persuasive language in legal documents increased exponentially in the chancelleries of Constantine (see, for example, Fragmenta Vaticana 273). No opportunities were missed for the emperor to present himself and express his will: "every imperial utterance became an occasion of ceremony and carefully wrought self-presentation" (p. 252). For those interested in the centralization of Roman government in Late Antiquity, Dillon's suggestion that the shift in legal language under the Tetrachy and Constantine anticipated the central government's need to seek approval from its imperial subjects for recent administrative reforms and new tax burdens will be very intriguing (85).¹

Chapter four enters into a discussion of both the ideological messages and legal contents of Constantine's legislation. This conversation pervades the following five chapters. Here we are formally introduced to the rhetoric through which Constantine used law for communicative purposes, primarily by voicing his concerns for provincials and his deep distrust of imperial bureaucrats. CTh. 9.1.4 offers a concise example. In this law, Constantine is shown to have emphasized to provincials his personal role in taking vengeance against malicious administrators if a provincial should be willing to report bureaucratic corruption. Constantine made this latter aspect of later Roman justice – reporting malfeasance – more accessible by allowing provincials to express their complaints to praetorian prefects and other agents of the emperor, most notably, as Dillon suggests, the comites provinciarum.

Legal procedure and access to the judicial system are the topics of chapter five. In various constitutional fragments, Dillon cites evidence for Constantine's encouragement of public acclamations through which provincials might report on the conduct of governors. We also learn that Constantine endeavored to ban all sportulae, fees collected by administrators in exchange for their roles in legal proceedings (CTh. 1.16.7). Constantine prohibited these outright and dictated a chain of command for reporting them that mimicked the process for public acclamation. These reports went from governor to comites provinciarum or praetorian prefect and from there to the emperor. Despite this initiative, sportulae continued to be collected and less than thirty years later the central government sought only regulation, not prohibition. Both of these reforms to legal procedure are indicative of Constantine's efforts to improve the judicial experience for provincials. In a similar light, Constantine also provided his subjects with new avenues of access to the justice system in the petty court of the defensor civitatis and through his innovative decision to grant bishops judicial authority. Beginning under Constantine, a litigant reserved the right to have his case transferred to an episcopal court under the rule of unilateral appeal, meaning the opposing litigant would be required to honor this transfer and acknowledge that a bishop's ruling held the same weight as a provincial governor's. By the end of the fourth century, however, the agreement of both parties became required for a transfer to an episcopal court (CJ 1.4.7). As Dillon rightly notes, the creation of episcopal courts was not an attempt to undermine traditional Roman law, but rather another example of the emperor's concern for ensuring legal access for provincials.

Dillon's sixth chapter tackles the difficult problem of legislative efficacy. He considers this issue through the lens of official letters exchanged between Constantine and imperial officials. This approach proves fruitful. Dillon argues persuasively that Constantine's written proscription of punishment in response to an imperial official presumes its subsequent execution (pp. 157-158). As the chapter's title, "Constantine and the Imperial Bureacracy," points out, the focus remains primarily on the offenses and punishment of civil bureaucrats. Nevertheless, in a discussion sure to be of significant interests to the social historian, Dillon explores offense and punishment in a wide variety of contexts including tax-collection, financial manipulation, the collection of rents, the treatment of prisoners, the purchase of high rank, and the housing rights of a materfamilias.

Chapters seven and eight conclude Dillon's discussion of Constantine's interaction with imperial officials. In Chapter seven, the requirement for officials to submit breves, or written reports of judicial hearings, is considered in the context of central control over the judiciary. In comparison, other mechanisms of imperial oversight are shown to have functioned primarily to provide assistance to administrative officials. For example, Dillon demonstrates how the practice of relatio – when an official submitted a request for judicial assistance from the emperor or a prefect – operated to protect judges from powerful (i.e. wealthy) provincials. Consultatio – when an official submitted all necessary documentation to the emperor for his personal verdict – worked in a similar manner to assist imperial officials. Constantine regulated heavily the proper procedure for relatio and consultatio, and often discouraged administrators from relying too heavily upon either. The prevalence of both worked to Constantine's advantage on an ideological level. As Dillon argues, consultatio, in particular, emphasized "the direct dependency of provincial jurisdiction and the entire legal system on the authority of the emperor" (p. 212). The appellate system, itself derived from the procedure of consultatio and greatly reformed under Constantine, appears as one final and comprehensive example of Constantinian provincial justice, central control, and the communication of imperial authority. The practice of appellatio, which Constantine expanded by allowing provincials to conduct it through written correspondence, provided a pathway to imperial justice for provincials and afforded the emperor an opportunity to review the execution of judicial procedure. In this sense, the appellate system represented another method of central control. Constantine benefited substantially from it. Once again, the emperor is understood as the figurehead of Roman justice.

Dillon clarifies much about several intricate details of the later Roman legal system and the Codex Theodosianus. For this alone a great debt is owed to his work; but his larger conclusions on law, government, and Constantine will likely be the most significantly discussed aspects of this book.

Dillon's reading of Constantine's constitutions as both communicative and legislative documents offers a productive new approach to understanding Roman law in general. Dillon's method should serve as a reminder that legal compilations such as the Codex Theodosianus contain laws in as much as they contain texts. In this regard they should be read with a keen eye for rhetoric. Recently, Sebastian Schmit-Hofner has applied a similar reading to the legislation of Valentinian I, showing that the employment of law as a tactic for empire-wide communication was, in fact, not unique to Constantine.² This lesson is important, as one hopes it will pave the way for further consideration of how Constantine's successors used legal texts for communicative purposes and for other types of law not discussed by Dillon such as Constantine's military and religious legislation.

On a similar note, historians of later Roman government should pay special attention to the level of clarity that Dillon provides to the concept of government centralization in Late Antiquity. Ever since the time of Jones' Later Roman Empire, centralization has been understood as an element of the evolution of Roman government in the aftermath of Diocletian's reforms; but Dillon is unique in so lucidly articulating the actual impact of centralization on the later Roman judiciary. Throughout the book, the increasingly prevalent influence and oversight of the emperor on day to day judicial proceedings in all corners of the Empire appear in vivid detail. Centralization becomes most evident in Dillon's final chapters. Constantine's control over the judicial process in the form of breves, relationes, consultationes, and the appellate system brought an unparalleled imperial presence into the courtrooms of the provinces. Assuredly, this process continued to evolve under the divided empire that followed Constantine's reign. With the physical proliferation of emperors in the West and East, centralization rapidly became a more tangible reality. The level of central control over the judiciary, as Dillon demonstrates, could serve as a reliable barometer for measuring its impact.

Finally, there is Constantine himself. Many will no doubt welcome a study of the first Christian emperor that openly distances itself from questions related to Constantine's religious identity.³ Dillon, in fact, asserts "the present book is an essentially secular study" (5). An image of the emperor, nevertheless, emerges, albeit a predominantly political one. Constantine's legislation, as both communicative and legislative texts, reveals an emperor sincerely concerned about his subject's experiences with Roman justice. As Dillon shows, the emperor articulates this notion in both public edicts and in his responses to imperial magistrates. On the other hand, such favoritism for provincials necessitated the emperor taking an intimidating and openly distrustful tone with his magistrates. The political brilliance of Constantine's ideological maneuvering was the fact that he rightly took for granted the loyalty of the imperial bureaucracy, which still relied upon him for social and political advancement. The provincials, however, required political courtship and this is precisely what he offered them in both law and in practice. Interestingly, Constantine, in a difficult law not discussed by Dillon, can be seen playing this same game with his veterans, whose benefits he increased dramatically and whose loyalties were of the utmost importance for the success of his regime.⁴

The Justice of Constantine is an excellent book and will be of great value to legal, social, and political historians alike.

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Notes:

1.   Following A. Eich and P. Eich. "Thesen zur Genese des Verlautbarungsstils der spätantiken kaiserlichen Zentrale." Tyche 19 (2004), 75-104.
2.   See S. Schmidt-Hofner, "Ostentatious Legislation: Law and Dynastic Change, AD 364-365," in: J. Wienand (ed.): Contested Monarchy: Integrating the Roman Empire in the 4th Century AD. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2012 and Reagieren und Gestalten. Der Regierungsstil des spätrӧmischen Kaisers am Beispiel der Gesetzgbung Valentinians I. Munich, 2008.
3.   Similarly, R. Van Dam. The Roman Revolution of Constantine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
4.   CTh 7.20.2 and CJ 12.46.1. On this law, most recently: S. Connolly. "Constantine answer the veterans," in S. McGill et al (eds.) From the Tetrarchs to the Theodosians. Later Roman History and Culture, 284-350 CE. Cambrdige: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Silvia Ferrara, Cypro-Minoan inscriptions. Volume 1: Analysis. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Pp. 336. ISBN 9780199607570. $125.00.

Reviewed by M. J. C. Scarborough, University of Cambridge (mjcs2@cam.ac.uk)

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Cypro-Minoan is perhaps one of the least known and least understood of the various scripts derived from the Aegean tradition of writing, among which Linear A and Linear B are the best-known representatives. Part of the reason for this is that the Cypro-Minoan writing system(s) present a very diverse corpus of material spread over a very small number of objects, and no complete published corpus exists. The book under review by Silvia Ferrara is the first of two projected volumes on Cypro-Minoan: this first volume conducts a new contextual, epigraphic, and palaeographical analysis of the inscriptions, while the second will present for the first time a complete corpus, scheduled to be published by Oxford University Press in 2013.¹

The author indicates her principal approach in the introduction to her study, as 'focus[ing] on ways of understanding an undeciphered script' (p. 1), specifically through a contextual, holistic analysis of the documents, without attempting a decipherment or linguistic identification. Such an approach was called for earlier by Palaima in a paper by which this book has been greatly influenced.² The goals of Ferrara's study are twofold: The first part of the book situates Cypro-Minoan in its historical and especially archaeological contexts of Bronze Age Cyprus, and the second part addresses specific problems in the epigraphy and palaeography of Cypro-Minoan. The author ultimately attempts to synthesize a standardized sign repertoire across the attested varieties of the script. Another overarching argument advanced by the study is that Cypro-Minoan, traditionally divided into three varieties, may actually constitute a single, coherent writing system.

The first chapter serves as a general introduction to Cypro-Minoan studies by providing a brief overview of previous scholarship and situating Cypro-Minoan writing in the broader context of Bronze Age Cypriot society. Here the corpus under investigation is defined as a collection of 243 inscriptions (fully enumerated in Appendix 1), following the conventional classification schemes of three different Cypro-Minoan scripts: CM1, CM2, and CM3, as devised by Masson and followed in Olivier's edition of the inscriptions Édition holistique des textes Chypro-Minoens (Pisa and Rome, 2007; henceforth HoChyMin).³ This chapter further discusses the sociopolitical aspects of writing and argues that Cypro-Minoan writing was created specifically as an expression of Cypriot cultural identity in contrast to readily available (and in principle equally readily adaptable) writing traditions from the Near East (pp. 40-42).

The second chapter progresses from the general and moves on to specifically situate Cypro-Minoan in its synchronic and diachronic distributions as attested in the archaeological record from its beginnings in LC I up to the end of the LC IIC period. The early development of the corpus is first considered through the archaic documents (CM0 of HoChyMin) Enkomi Tablet ##001, and the 'weight' ##095, which is reinterpreted (pp. 53-56) as a label. The dynamics of the borrowing process are here considered within a historical-archaeological perspective; as Cypro- Minoan elites may have known Akkadian, or at least were familiar with cuneiform writing through the employment of itinerant scribes from the Near East, the argument that was advanced in the first chapter, that Cypro-Minoan's adaptation from the Aegean writing traditions (specifically, from Linear A) occurred as an expression of Cypriot cultural identity, (pp. 62-63) is reinforced. The remainder of the chapter traces the development of the early CM1 corpus in the archaeological record across the island.

Chapter three continues the contextual study of Cypro-Minoan into the LC IIIA period, the time period that has produced the majority of the Cypro-Minoan inscribed artefacts. A significant portion of the chapter (pp. 90-124) is dedicated to the contextualization and interpretation of the inscribed clay boules which comprise a significant part of the Cypro-Minoan corpus (HoChyMin ##002–##091, 90 out of the total 243 objects). The remainder of the chapter discusses the diffusion of CM1 in the rest of Cyprus during the LC IIIA period (pp. 124- 132), and the context of the CM3 documents attested at Ugarit (pp. 132-145). Ferrara concludes, on the basis of her contextual-historical analysis of the first three chapters, that the interpretation of Cypro-Minoan documents as having performed either a purely votive or administrative function is problematic, as the documents are contextually distributed in both spheres, and that the script could be interpreted as having functioned in both roles.

The fourth chapter is the first of two chapters in the second section dealing with the epigraphy and palaeography of Cypro-Minoan. One of main aims of this part of the study is to attempt to reconcile the diversity of Cypro-Minoan inscribed materials and to challenge Masson's conventional tripartite classification of the documents into the subgroupings CM1, CM2, and CM3. The first steps in this direction are made through critically reassessing the relationship of the variation in the palaeography, as determined by the properties of the inscribed object, and the epigraphic techniques required to produce them. This approach is welcome, as the diversity of the materials on which the corpus is inscribed (clay, metal, stone, and ivory), makes individual signs in the signary more prone to classificatory fragmentation because of the varying means required to inscribe them, whether it be by incision, impression by stylus, or, in a single case, painting (##094). As the clay boules form a large and distinct sub- class of Cypro-Minoan documents (##002–##091), a classification of scribal hands is attempted on a small group of these found in close archaeological context to one another (pp. 181 ff.). Likewise, the Cypro-Minoan tablets form their own distinct class consisting of four fragments from Enkomi (##207A+B–##209) comprising the entirety of CM2, and four CM3 fragments from Ugarit (##212-215). Ferrara gives these their own specific pinacological study, taking note of dimensions, shape, formatting techniques, and importance of the epigraphic variables for the ductus attested on these documents. Ferrara also argues that the join between the two fragments ##207A and ##207B is invalid on epigraphic grounds. Epigraphic variation in the documents, such as reading direction and word-division, are examined insofar as it may be ascertained within an undeciphered script.

The fifth chapter starts with the goal of tracing the development of the Cypro-Minoan signary and attempting to set up a tentative standardized sign repertoire for the script across the varieties of the script. In attempting to thus demonstrate unity across them the 'tentative suggestion' is made that such cohesion 'could point to the possibility that Cypro-Minoan may constitute only one script' (pp. 219-220). While it is worth noting that it is possible to go too far in over-synthesizing the evidence in its undeciphered state, since a full decipherment of Cypro-Minoan at this time seems unlikely given the current paucity of evidence and the wide diversity of the corpus, an attempt at such a synthesis is entirely sensible.⁴ Ferrara argues, based on a sound discussion of syllabaries that is well informed by cross-linguistic typology, that the syllabary was likely of the 'open' type (i.e. only writing 'open' V, CV, or CCV syllables), a conclusion which would otherwise have to be simply assumed on the basis that Linear B (and presumably Linear A, from which Cypro-Minoan arguably derives) and the later Cypriot Greek syllabaries from the Classical period are also open syllabaries. The process of adaptation, and the sociolinguistic and sociocultural dynamics of the adaptation of writing systems, are also well discussed in typological comparisons considering examples from the transmission of the alphabet, localized comparisons with Urartean, Hurrian, and Hittite syllabic cuneiform, and in comparison to other, better known Aegean syllabic scripts. After considering theoretical concerns, Ferrara analyzes the palaeographic variation across the Cypro-Minoan corpus, and through this produces a tentative, standardized sign repertoire of 74 signs, organized synoptically across CM1, CM2, and CM3. The final section of the chapter is devoted to an explicit critique on Masson's linguistic analyses of CM2 and CM3 as representing, respectively, Hurrian and Semitic languages. This critique is a necessary step in substantiating Ferrara's interpretation of Cypro-Minoan as a single, unified script.

The sixth and final chapter offers a retrospective of the results of the study and prospects for further Cypro-Minoan research, and is followed by numerous appendices, including a complete list of the inscriptions in the corpus, archaeological contexts of inscribed artefacts, and complete analytical repertoires of the CM1, CM2, and CM3 signaries.

An overall assessment of the work requires bearing in mind the caveat that the prospects for deciphering Cypro- Minoan are still rather slim given the small sample size of the corpus, but the possibility of new discoveries may change those prospects in the future. While new discoveries or a future decipherment could, naturally, call into question some of the epigraphic and palaeographic analyses, the work makes an excellent effort towards a synthesis of the difficult and variegated evidence that the current state of the corpus provides. Additionally, the historical and archaeological contextualization of Cypro-Minoan is an innovative approach in comparison to earlier, decipherment- oriented studies. Whether or not Cypro-Minoan actually constitutes a single script as the author contends, the work does an admirable job of attempting to make well-reasoned deductions and analyses on the basis of the available evidence, and readily illustrates and avoids the pitfalls of taking linguistic identification as the end goal of working on an undeciphered script. Students and scholars of Aegean scripts and prehistory, as well as historians and archaeologists specializing in Bronze Age Cyprus, will find that the work serves to fill an important gap in the existing literature with its archaeological-contextual study of the documents, as well as offering a fresh approach to the epigraphy and palaeography of the Cypro-Minoan script itself.

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Notes:

1.   The author states in her introduction (p. 4): "The present volume on the analysis of the script, while conceived as self-standing and autonomous, is intended to be read and consulted in conjunction with the Corpus, because each volume offers interpretations and descriptions heavily reliant on the data of the other, and the Corpus offers a photographic apparatus designed to showcase all known inscriptions comprehensively." As the corpus was unpublished at the time of this review, I have relied upon J. P. Olivier's mostly complete corpus (which contains 217 of the total 243 inscriptions used by this study), Édition holistique des textes Chypro-Minoens (Pisa; Rome, 2007), in the course of writing this review. A full list of the inscriptions used by Ferrara in the present study are catalogued in her first appendix.
2.   Cf. T. G. Palaima, "Cypro-Minoan Scripts: Problems of Historical Context" in Y. Duhoux, T. G. Palaima, and J. Bennet (eds.) Problems in Decipherment (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1989).
3.   The classification into these three categories follows Masson's argument that the three scripts of Cypro-Minoan write three different languages. See discussion to chapter five of the book below, and for a summary of Masson's views, which identifies the languages of CM2 and CM3 as Hurrian and a Semitic language respectively, cf. Masson "Cypro-Minoan Scripts" in A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, ed. A. F. Christidis (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 235-238.
4.   It is possible that mistakes may be inevitable in the process of synthesizing variation. For example, the case of the Linear B sign *90 = dwo at a pre-decipherment stage was rationalized as a sequence of two repeated signs *42-*42 = wo-wo, and it was only after the decipherment that the pun embedded in the script was recognized.

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Lukas Thommen, An Environmental History of Ancient Greece and Rome (first published 2009; revised edition). Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Pp. xi, 186. ISBN 9780521174657. $29.99 (pb). Contributors: Translated by Philip Hill.

Reviewed by Susan A. Curry, University of New Hampshire (sak243@unh.edu)

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For scholars with little knowledge of the ancient environment, Thommen's book offers an accessible introduction. This slender volume, however, really belongs in the classroom where its focus on "the foundations which determined the relationship between humankind and nature in Graeco-Roman antiquity" and discussion of the specific ways in which the Greeks and Romans intervened in their environment through "farming and food procurement, forest cover and timber construction, the destruction of nature in war, horticulture, hydraulic construction, [and] mining and urban problems" (15) will introduce students to the basic issues that engage scholars of the ancient environment. Thommen's dispassionate style and objective presentation of the evidence also make this short work an excellent jumping off point for more sophisticated and potentially controversial discussions of a subject that will resonate with students who are concerned about the contemporary environment and will have to cope with and devise solutions to the problems that have resulted from both ancient and modern interventions into nature.

Relying primarily on literary evidence (well-documented within the text itself and collected in a very helpful "List of Sources" section at the end of the book), Thommen devotes short chapters, in separate Greek and Roman sections to "The geographic space," People and nature," "Agriculture," "Forests and timber," "Gardens," "Animals," "Food," "Fire and water," "Earthquakes and volcanoes," and "Mining." To the Roman half of the book Thommen adds a chapter on "Urban problems and rural villa construction," and he concludes with a chapter on "The environment in Roman Britain" (a new chapter within this "somewhat expanded" revised edition), in which he demonstrates the importance of local studies, especially when exploring the environmental history of the Roman empire. By focusing first on Greece, then on Rome, Thommen intends the reader to compare and contrast Greek and Roman attitudes and practices and draw his/her own conclusions about the effects of culture on an individual's engagement with his/her environment.

Each chapter combines basic cultural information with facts concerning the natural environment supporting Greek and Roman practices. Let us take food, for example. First of all, in both the Greek and Roman parts of the book, Thommen places the chapter on food immediately after the chapter on animals, which enables the reader to begin to see the interconnections between the various topics that compose the environmental history of a region. In the chapter on food in Greece, Thommen begins by discussing the basic Greek diet citing a passage from the Corpus Hippocraticum on food and the health of the male body before turning to the issue of famines and food shortages. Thommen then considers the tradition of the symposion and the quality and quantity of the Spartan diet (citing Plutarch, Lyc. 12) before concluding with a discussion of the symbolic value of food concentrating on beans and fish from the Pythagoreans to the early Christians.

Similarly, in the chapter on food in Rome, Thommen begins with a discussion of the basic diet of the Romans and the three parts of the cena before moving on to wine production and the luxury items transported across the empire (garum, Spanish sausages, spices, dates, plums, and North Sea oysters). Thommen then discusses the mostly vegetarian diet of common Romans, the likely caloric intake of Roman soldiers according to Polybius (6.39), and the restaurant facilities available in the towns and cities of the empire. Thommen notes that while the transportation of food across the Roman empire contributed to the spread of a Mediterranean cuisine, it also likely had "damaging environmental effects, at least locally." He cites, for example, the "gigantic, ever growing – and stinking – mountain of shards on the bank of the Tiber south of Rome – today's Monte Testaccio" (99).

Through no fault of Thommen's, but owing to a greater abundance of literary evidence, the second section of the book on the Roman world is the richer and more detailed of the two parts. The two chapters on "Fire and water" and "Earthquakes and volcanoes" are, I believe, the best of the book, most successfully integrating the cultural with the environmental aspects of life in the Roman world. Thommen begins the chapter "Fire and water" with a brief discussion of the religious significance of fire in ancient Rome, mentioning both the Volcanalia celebrated annually in August in honor of the god of fire, Volcanus, and the privileges and responsibilities of the Vestal Virgins. He then turns to Rome's pragmatic and "rational" approach to fire with a short history of firefighting at Rome from the republican period through Augustus' cohorts to Nero's famous fire of 64 AD.

The water section of this chapter provides a useful overview of the development of a system of aqueducts and sewers while also addressing the issue of water access as honor, that is, how having one's private home connected to the water supply was a privilege granted to individuals who had distinguished themselves in some way, first, by the people's assembly, later, by the emperor. Throughout the chapter, we learn of the significant destruction caused by fire (deaths, property damage, etc.) and water (floods, epidemics, and lead poisoning). The chapter on "Earthquakes and volcanoes" focuses mainly on the eruption of Vesuvius, but we also learn how religious views affected contemporary interpretations of the natural disaster: Martial and Statius attributed the eruption of Vesuvius to the gods, the Oracula Sibyllina, Jewish prophetic literature, to Titus, "because of his destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in AD 70, calling the eruption divine retribution for his crimes against the Jewish people" (119). About earthquakes, we learn that, as the empire grew, the Romans had more often to contend with the aftermath of these disasters and that providing aid to affected areas contributed to an emperor's social capital: "since no comprehensive prevention was possible, emperors could repeatedly portray themselves as rescuers in time of need, and give propagandistic proof of their beneficence" (115).

Overall, Thommen's is a conservative survey of the environment of the ancient Greek and Roman world based on such facts as can be culled from the literary evidence. He makes no suggestion that the Greeks and Romans were enlightened environmentalists. Instead, he asserts that the Greeks and Romans alike held two opposing views simultaneously regarding the natural world and their place within it. Nature had both a gentle and a fearful side; and human beings in Greece and Rome felt themselves to be both victims of its destructive force and in possession of the intellectual powers necessary to manipulate and control nature through agriculture and animal husbandry as well as prayers and sacrifices (29-32).

Although individual Romans, in particular, were aware of the negative effects humans were having on the environment and were critical of "such ecologically harmful behaviour as destructive mining, clear-cutting of mountain forests, the extermination of plants, or the building of large manors and rural villas, which blocked the lakesides," material and economic advantage, as Thommen notes, more often than not took precedent over concerns about long-term environmental damage (77). Thommen also exercises considerable caution when interpreting the available literary evidence. He is careful to point out, for example, that often what appear to be critiques based on concern for the environment are actually critiques more concerned with the moral behavior of human beings—, greed, for example, or the excessive pursuit of luxury.

Among works on the ancient environment available in English, Thommen's book is most similar to, and suffers in comparison with, J. D. Hughes' Pan's Travail: Environmental Problems of the Ancient Greeks and Romans (Baltimore, 1994). While covering much of the same territory as Thommen, Hughes' book is far more comprehensive and a better read overall. However, what might be perceived as the weaknesses of Thommen's study could be turned to advantage in the classroom. Thommen's textbook-like approach to the ancient environment will quickly bring undergraduate students up to speed on the lay of the land and provide the student with enough background to begin to discuss how the ancients responded and failed to respond adequately to natural disasters and how their interventions into the environment also brought long-term damage to the region. Thommen's bibliography, which is organized by section within a chapter as well as by chapter will be of interest to both students and scholars of the ancient environment; it includes a number of selections in French, German, and Italian that give a good sense of current research on the ancient environment.

While we are still in need of an introductory volume on ancient environmental studies that takes greater advantage of the evidence of archaeology and art history and more recent discoveries made by scientists and historians working together, An Environmental History of Ancient Greece and Rome makes good use of the available literary evidence and is a dependable introduction to the field.

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Claudia Giontella, «… Nullus enim fons non sacer…». Culti idrici di epoca preromana e romana (Regiones VI-VII). Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra Editore, 2011. Pp. 262. ISBN 9788862273961. €345.00 (pb).

Reviewed by Maria Cristina Biella, British School at Rome - University of Southampton (mcristinabiella@gmail.com)

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Il volume di Claudia Giontella si inserisce in una nutrita serie di studi che ha conosciuto grande fortuna tra la fine degli anni '90 e l'inizio di questo secolo e che tratta nello specifico l'importanza dell'elemento idrico nell'ambito dei culti dell'Italia preromana. Vi si possono riferire in particolare le mostre di Imola del 1997 e di Chianciano Terme del 2003 — incentrate l'una sulla Romagna, Marche ed Emilia¹ e l'altra sull'area etrusca² —, il volume di Riccardo Chellini sulle acque sorgive, salutari e sacre in Etruria apparso nel 2002 ³ e il convegno I riti del costruire nelle acque violate, edito nel 2010.⁴ Lo studio di Claudia Giontella, nato come Tesi di Specializzazione in Archeologia presso la Sapienza - Università di Roma, è confluito in una prima versione a stampa nel volume I luoghi dell'acqua "divina", Complessi santuariali e forme devozionali in Etruria e Umbria fra epoca arcaica ed età romana, uscito per i tipi dell'Aracne Editore nel 2006. Il libro che qui si recensisce si configura dunque come un'edizione aggiornata e rivista di quel primo lavoro, che l'Autrice sceglie di non citare nell'opera di cui qui si dà conto.

Il volume si apre con una nota introduttiva, nella quale la studiosa dichiara esplicitamente che "scopo precipuo del lavoro è di coniugare l'esame delle manifestazioni cultuali rivolte all'acqua con l'analisi di eventuali resti strutturali o materiali, proponendo, laddove possibile, interpretazioni del culto e delle divinità ad esso presumibilmente, e più o meno esplicitamente, correlate" (p. 14). Viene precisato che lo studio è incentrato sulle acque interne, con l'esclusione dei fiumi. A livello geografico, così come dichiarato già nel titolo, si prendono in considerazione i territori che poi confluiranno in epoca romana nelle regiones VI e VII. Scegliendo un approccio topografico basato sulla strutturazione della penisola italiana di età romana, ma considerando lo studio anche il periodo preromano, si sono resi inevitabilmente necessarie delle calibrazioni rispetto a quanto dichiarato nel titolo del volume. Esse riguardano soprattutto l'area umbra, per la quale, come giustamente ricordato dalla studiosa, non è possibile per l'epoca preromana limitarsi ai confini della regio VI augustea. Sempre per questioni di omogeneità culturale e per fornire un quadro complessivo della fase preromana la ricerca ha preso in considerazione anche altre aree della penisola italiana, che, se si optasse per adottare rigidamente l'ordinamento topografico dichiarato nel titolo del volume, dovrebbero a rigore rientrare nelle regiones VIII e I. Ci si riferisce ai contesti dell'Etruria padana – per la quale la studiosa sceglie di adottare la tutto sommato inusitata definizione di Etruria nova (Serv., Aen. , X 202) – e quella campana.

A livello cronologico lo studio si concentra sui secoli dall'Arcaismo all'età romana. Claudia Giontella sottolinea comunque la persistente tenacia delle "consuetudini religiose" (p. 16), —anche se forse sarebbe preferibile parlare della persistenza della scelta dei luoghi di culto —, destinate in alcuni casi specifici a valicare anche l'epoca romana. Si veda, a titolo d'esempio, quanto accade nei casi della Buca di Castelvenere a Lucca, dove l'utilizzo della struttura è attestato anche in epoca medioevale, o gli assai interessanti casi di continuità devozionale sino ad epoca moderna della Grotta Lattaia di Cetona, della Grotta delle Pocce Lattaie e della Fonte del Latte di Villaccia di Monte San Savino in Val di Chiana. Utili deroghe al periodo su cui si focalizza lo studio sono il paragrafo dedicato alle cavità naturali e al loro utilizzo in chiave sacra dal neolitico all'età del bronzo e quello dedicato all'area di culto in località Banditella di Canino, il cui uso è attestato dall'Età del Bronzo sino all'epoca arcaica. Quest'ultima scelta è motivata dalla studiosa per dimostrare che "per le manifestazioni devozionali sembrano non registrarsi modificazioni sostanziali in senso diacronico" (p. 30).

Il volume è poi ordinato cronologicamente, con una prima sezione dedicata all'età arcaica e classica (pp. 33-94), una seconda all'età ellenistica (pp. 95-118) e infine una terza all'età romana (pp. 119-131). All'interno di ogni capitolo si segue un ordinamento topografico a partire dall'Etruria propria ed agro falisco-capenate, allargandosi poi all'Etruria padana, a quella campana e per finire all'Umbria. Per l'età arcaica vengono censiti in totale 22 contesti sacri (11 per l'Etruria propria, 3 per il comprensorio falisco, 2 per l'Etruria padana, 1 per quella campana e 5 per l'area umbra). Per l'Etruria propria i siti sono dislocati tra Cerveteri, Vulci, Orvieto, Chianciano Terme, Perugia, Lucca, Arezzo e il Monte Falterona. L'analisi del territorio falisco – più che non falisco-capenate — prende in considerazione Falerii e Narce. Il santuario fontile di Marzabotto e Monte Bibele sono le aree analizzate per l'Etruria padana e il contesto sacro in loc. Pastini a Pontecagnano per quella campana. Per l'Umbria sono infine considerati la Grotta del Re Tiberio a Riolo Terme, la Grotta Bella a Terni, Assisi, Foligno e Montefortino di Arcevia. Per l'età ellenistica vengono analizzati nel dettaglio 8 contesti: 3 per l'Etruria, 1 per il comprensorio falisco e 4 per l'area umbra. Si osserva invece che il territorio che fu soggetto all'espansione etrusca in Campania "come già constatato per l'epoca precedente [quella arcaica] appare interessato in maniera assai marginale da culti legati all'acqua" (p. 106). La studiosa ricorda tuttavia come vi sia una continuità di vita per il santuario in località Pastini a Pontecagnano e si dedica poi all'analisi del santuario di Diana Tifatina nel territorio di Capua. Infine per il periodo romano dei cinque luoghi di culto presi in considerazione 3 sono pertinenti alla Regio VII e 2 alla Regio VI.

Una piccola osservazione deve essere riservata all'ordinamento cronologico scelto, che, se da un lato fornisce chiarezza all'esposizione, rischia per certi versi di essere fuorviante. A supporto di questa affermazione si può portare l'apparato cartografico, che, diviso per epoche arcaica e classica (fig. 16), ellenistica (fig. 20) e romana (p. 131), rischia di dare l'impressione al lettore che vi sia una completa soluzione di continuità tra i tre periodi. In altri termini, molti dei luoghi di culto che compaiono nella prima carta di distribuzione dovrebbero essere presenti anche nella seconda e nella terza, essendo ancora del tutto attivi in periodo ellenistico e oltre, come d'altro canto ricordato espressamente nei paragrafi dedicati alle singole aree di culto dalla studiosa. Le carte di corredo al testo devono pertanto essere considerate come indicatori del momento di attestazione dei luoghi di culto trattati nel capitolo di riferimento e non come vere e proprie carte di fase dei singoli periodi.

Rimangono fuori dall'ordinamento sin qui analizzato alcune aree di culto, trattate nel Capitolo 4, per le quali viene ipotizzato un legame particolare con l'elemento idrico (pp. 133-140), quattro per l'area etrusca (Cerveteri, loc. S. Antonio e Valle Zuccara, Veio-Portonaccio e Vulci-Musignano) e due per quella umbra (Amelia-loc. Montecampano e Foligno-loc. Nocette di Pale). Tra questi spiccano in particolar modo i due grandi complessi santuariali di loc. S. Antonio a Cerveteri e quello di Portonaccio a Veio. È soprattutto la presenza di apprestamenti idrici particolarmente rilevanti a fare propendere la studiosa per l'accostamento di questi complessi ai culti delle acque. Le aree santuariali citate sono indubbiamente caratterizzate dalla presenza di strutture che fanno pensare a un utilizzo massiccio dell'elemento idrico. Tuttavia rimane, a mio modo di vedere, aperta la questione – qui come altrove nel volume – di che cosa si intenda esattamente con la definizione di "culti idrici". Claudia Giontella ricorda correttamente già nel paragrafo introduttivo la rilevanza avuta dall'acqua nell'antichità e come "al pari degli altri elementi naturali, se non in maniera più percettibile, l'acqua dovette apparire sempre animata, viva" (p. 13) e forse il titolo stesso del volume è una spia del pensiero della studiosa: l'utilizzo della glossa serviana "… nullius enim fons non sacer…" implica di per sé già una scelta di metodo. È però bene ricordare che essa è dedicata al termine fons in ambito romano e peraltro per un periodo ben diverso da quello oggetto dello studio in questione.⁵ Se queste osservazioni colgono nel segno, non è del tutto chiaro però per quale ragione si è optato per sospendere il giudizio su alcuni dei contesti inseriti nello studio e per i quali è piuttosto evidente che la studiosa propende per la presenza di culti delle acque. Chi scrive parte in questo caso da un'opinione diversa, che non assimila la presenza, pur massiccia, di strutture idriche in un contesto santuariale a un culto delle acque.⁶ In altri termini questi apprestamenti sono solidi indicatori dell'utilizzo dell'elemento idrico nell'ambito delle pratiche svolte all'interno del santuario, ma necessita una contestualizzazione di volta in volta dell'uso dell'elemento idrico, con lo scopo di discernere il piano rituale da quello cultuale. Per questa ragione e a semplice titolo d'esempio, non concordo con l'introduzione di siti quali Veio Portonaccio, Falerii Celle o ancora Narce – Le Rote nella categoria di "culti delle acque". Questi santuari presentano infatti caratteristiche articolate e complesse, e, pur essendo massiccia la presenza di elementi strutturali destinati alla captazione e alla conseguente fruizione dell'elemento idrico, si fa fatica a riconoscere, almeno a mio modo di vedere, una connessione diretta con un "culto delle acque", mentre l'utilizzo dell'elemento idrico per questioni rituali è ben più assodato.

Chiudono il volume due capitoli di sintesi incentrati sull'analisi dei tipi di materiali votivi (pp. 141-162) e delle divinità connesse a questi luoghi di culto (pp. 163-189) e uno dedicato ad alcune considerazioni conclusive (pp. 191-203). Il quadro tracciato per i materiali votivi restituiti da questi contesti non depone a favore della possibilità di riconoscere un'unitarietà nelle forme devozionali. Interessante appare l'osservazione che le offerte metalliche, sia sotto forma di piccola bronzistica sia sotto forma di aes rude, costituiscono un elemento comune nei depositi votivi di questi luoghi di culto. La studiosa pone giustamente l'accento sulla rilevanza anche "economica" di questo tipo di offerte. Ed è questo, a mio modo di vedere, un filone di ricerche che potrebbe essere proficuamente approfondito in futuro in relazione ai contesti santuariali dell'Italia preromana.

In conclusione il volume di Claudia Giontella si configura come un utile repertorio, che fornisce un quadro di sintesi sui culti legati all'elemento idrico nell'Italia preromana e romana e che tocca ambiti geografici più ampi di quelli ricordati nel titolo dell'opera.

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Notes:

1.   Marco Pacciarelli ( ed.), Acque, grotte e Dei, 3000 anni di culti preromani in Romagna, Marche e Abruzzo, Catalogo della mostra, Imola 1997.
2.   L'acqua degli dei, Immagini di fontane, vasellame, culti salutari e in grotta, Catalogo della mostra, Montepulciano 2003.
3.   Riccardo Chellini, Acque sorgive, salutari e sacre in Etruria (Italia, Regio VII), Oxford 2002.
4.   Helga Di Giuseppe, Mirella Serlorenzi ( eds.), I riti del costruire nelle acque violate, Atti del Convegno Internazionale 12-14 giugno 2008, Roma 2010.
5.   Lucia Romizzi, "Fons (mondo romano)", in ThesCRA, IV, p. 242.
6.   Annamaria Comella, "Fons (Etruria e mondo italico)", pp. 241 s.

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Books Received January 2013.

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*Adams, Geoff W. Marcus Aurelius in the Historia Augusta and beyond. Lanham, MD; Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2013. ix, 333 p. $80.00. ISBN 9780739176382.

*Anderson, James C., Jr. Roman architecture in Provence. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. xv, 291 p. $99.00. ISBN 9780521825207.

*Andreassi, Mario and Massimo Lazzeri (trans., comm.). Quattro discorsi agli allievi (Imerio, Or. 11, 30, 65, 69). Satura, 2. Lecce: Pensa Multimedia, 2012. 119 p. € 15.00 (pb). ISBN 9788867600458.

*Audano, Sergio. Classici lettori di classici: da Virgilio a Marguerite Yourcenar. Echo, 8. Foggia: Edizioni Il Castello, 2012. 314 p. € 20.00 (pb). ISBN 9788865720806.

*Baker-Brian, Nicholas (edd.). Emperor and author: the writings of Julian the Apostate. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2012. xxi, 384 p. $110.00. ISBN 9781905125500.

Bellia, Angela. Il canto delle Vergini locresi: la musica a Locri Epizefirii nelle fonti scritte e nella documentazione archeologica (secoli VI-III a. C.). Nuovi saggi, 116. Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2012. 197 p. € 42.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862275422.

*Bellia, Angela. Strumenti musicali e oggetti sonori nell'Italia meridionale e in Sicilia (VI-III sec. a.C.): funzioni rituali e contesti. Aglaia 4. Lucca: Libreria Musicale Italiana, 2012. xiv, 156 p. € 30.00 (pb). ISBN 9788870966749.

**Beresford, James. The ancient sailing season. Mnemosyne supplements. History and archaeology of classical antiquity, 351. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013. xv, 364 p. $182.00. ISBN 9789004223523.

*Bonnet, Corinne, Amandine Declercq and Iwo Slobodzianek (edd.). Le représentations des dieux des autres. Supplemento a Mythos, 2 n. s. Caltanissetta: Salvatore Sciascia Editore, 2011. ix, 260 p. € 30.00 (pb). ISBN 9788882413880.

*Bost-Pouderon, Cécile and Bernard Pouderon (edd.). Les hommes et les dieux dans l'ancien roman : actes du colloque de Tours, 22-24 octobre 2009. Collection de la Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 48. Série littéraire et philosophique, 16. Lyon: Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée - Jean Pouilloux, 2012. 349 p. € 35.00 (pb). ISBN 9782356680297.

**Breglia, Luisa, Alda Moleti, Maria Luisa Napolitano and Renata Calce (edd.). Ethne, identità e tradizioni, Vol. I: la "terza" Grecia e l'Occidente; Vol. II: Graikoi ed Hellenes: storia di due Ethnonimi. Diabaseis, 3. Pisa: Edizioni ETS, 2011. xvii, 722; x, 180 p. € 55.00. ISBN 9788846730930.

*Bremer, Dieter, Hellmut Flashar and Georg Rechenauer (edd.). Frühgriechische Philosophie (2 vols.). Die Philosophie der Antike, 1/1-2. Basel: Schwabe, 2013. 1088 p. € 301.00. ISBN 9783796525988.

Brulé, Pierre. Comment percevoir le sanctuaire grec?: une analyse sensorielle du paysage sacré. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2012. 261 p. € 25.00 (pb). ISBN 9782251444536.

*Buono-Core Varas, Raúl. El Mediterráneo y la diplomacia en la antigua Grecia. Serie monografías históricas, 20. Valparaíso: Ediciones Universitarias de Valparaíso; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2012. 207 p. (pb). ISBN 9789561705241.

*Butler, Sarah J. Britain and its empire in the shadow of Rome: the reception of Rome in socio-political debate from the 1850s to the 1920s. London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2012. viii, 263 p. $120.00. ISBN 9781441159250.

**Butti de Lima, Paulo. Il piacere delle immagini: un tema aristotelico nella riflessione moderna sull'arte. Biblioteca dell'Archivum Romanicum, 412. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki, 2012. viii, 202 p. € 23.00. ISBN 9788822262295.

*Byers, Sarah Catherine. Perception, sensibility, and moral motivation in Augustine: a Stoic-Platonic synthesis. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. xviii, 248 p. $99.00. ISBN 9781107017948.

*Capasso, Mario and Paola Davoli (edd.). Soknopaiou Nesos Project, I (2003-2009). Biblioteca di studi di egittologia e di papirologia, 9. Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2012. 438 p., 15 p. of plates. € 195.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862274357.

Christ, Matthew R. The limits of altruism in democratic Athens. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. x, 215 p. $90.00. ISBN 9781107029774.

**Christie, Neil and Andrea Augenti (edd.). Vrbes extinctae: archaeologies of abandoned classical towns. Farnham; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012. xx, 372 p. $124.95. ISBN 9780754665625.

Conti, Maria Clara. Le terrecotte architettoniche di Selinunte: tetti del VI e V secolo a.C. Museo civico di Castelvetrano e parco archeologico di Selinunte. Biblioteca di Sicilia antiqua, 5. Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2012. 341 p. € 225.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862274326.

*Corradi, Michele. Protagora tra filologia e filosofia: le testimonianze di Aristotele. Biblioteca di studi antichi, 96. Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2012. 330 p. € 140.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862274753.

*Cunha Corrêa, Paula da, Marcos Martinho, José Marcos Macedo and Alexandre Pinheiro Hasegawa (edd.). Hyperboreans: essays in Greek and Latin poetry, philosophy, rhetoric and linguistics. São Paulo: Humanitas, 2012. 446 p. (pb). ISBN 9788577321995.

*D'Alessandro, Paolo and Pier Daniele Napolitani (edd., trans., comm.). Archimede latino: Iacopo da San Cassiano e il Corpus Archimedeo alla metà del Quattrocento; con edizione della Circuli dimensio e della Quadratura parabolae. Sciences et savoirs, 1. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2012. 371 p., xxviii p. of plates. € 75.00 (pb). ISBN 9782251220017.

*Deist, Rosemarie and Marjolein Oele, The Passions of Achilles: reflections on the classical and medieval epic. Electronic Antiquity, 14. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ElAnt/V14N1, open access. ISSN 1320-3606.

*del Val Gago Saldaña, María (ed., trans., comm.). Teatro y universidad: las comedias humanísticas de Juan Pérez (Petreius). Cultura y filología clásicas. Madrid: Liceus, 2012. 540 p. € 30.00 (pb). ISBN 9788498229493.

*Demougin, Ségolène and John Scheid (edd.). Colons et colonies dans le monde romain. Collection de l'École française de Rome, 456. Rome: École française de Rome, 2012. ix, 462 p. € 90.00 (pb). ISBN 9782728309122.

*Desmond, William. Philosopher-kings of antiquity. London; New York: Continuum Intlernational Publishing Group, 2011. viii, 256 p. $120.00. ISBN 9780826434753.

*Draper, P. A. (ed.). An Odyssey reader: selections from Homer's Odyssey, Books 1 - 12. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013. x, 293 p. $22.95 (pb). ISBN 9780472051922.

*Elmer, David F. The poetics of consent: collective decision making and the Iliad. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013. xiii, 313 p. $55.00. ISBN 9781421408262.

*Emlyn-Jones, Chris and William Preddy (edd., trans.). Plato V: Republic, Volume I. Books 1-5. Loeb classical library, 237. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2013. lxxxvii, 567 p. $24.00. ISBN 9780674996502.

*Emlyn-Jones, Chris and William Preddy (edd., trans.). Plato VI: Republic, Volume II. Books 6-10. Loeb classical library, 276. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2013. liii, 503 p. $24.00. ISBN 9780674996519.

*Ensoli, Serenella (ed.). For the preservation of the cultural heritage in Libya: a dialogue among institutions. Proceedings of conference, 1-2 July 2011, Monumental complex of Belvedere, San Leucio, Caserta. Kypana. Libya in the ancient world, 1. Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2012. 324 p., 33 p. of plates. € 145.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862275040.

*Evans, Jean M. The lives of Sumerian sculpture: an archaeology of the Early Dynastic temple. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. xii, 278 p. $99.00. ISBN 9781107017399.

*Freeman, Philip (ed., trans.). Marcus Tullius Cicero. How to run a country: an ancient guide for modern leaders. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2013. xix, 132 p. $12.95. ISBN 9780691156576.

Fröhlich, Pierre and Patrice Hamon (edd.). Groupes et associations dans les cités grecques (IIIe siècle av. J.-C.-IIe siècle ap. J.-C). Actes de la table ronde de Paris, INHA, 19-20 juin 2009. Hautes études du monde gréco-romain, 49. Genève: Librairie Droz, 2012. 338 p. $52.80. ISBN 9782600013703.

*Fulford, Michael (ed.). Silchester and the study of Romano-British urbanism. JRA Supplementary series, 90. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2012. 280 p. $99.00. ISBN 9781887829908.

*Ganiban, Randall T., Joseph Farrell, Patricia A. Johnston, James J. O'Hara and Christine G. Perkell (edd., comm.). Vergil. Aeneid, Books 1-6. Focus Vergil Aeneid commentaries. Newburyport, MA: Focus Publishing, 2012. x, 523 p. $36.95 (pb). ISBN 9781585102143.

**Geljon, Albert C. and David T. Runia (edd., trans., comm.). Philo of Alexandria: On cultivation. Introduction, translation and commentary. Philo of Alexandria commentary series, 4. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. xxii, 312 p. $156.00. ISBN 9789004243033.

*Giardina, Giancarlo (ed.). Pseudo-Seneca, Tragedie III: Ercole [Eteo]; edizione critica. Testi e commenti, 27. Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2012. 121 p. € 44.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862275354.

*Halper, Edward C. Aristotle's Metaphysics: a reader's guide. Reader's guides. London; New York: Continuum, 2012. xii, 144 p. $24.95 (pb). ISBN 9781441107138.

*Hayes, Evan and Stephen Nimis. Lucian's On the Syrian goddess: an intermediate Greek reader. Oxford, OH: Faenum Publishing, 2012. xix, 114 p. $12.95 (pb). ISBN 9780983222880.

*Hayes, Evan and Stephen Nimis (edd., comm.). Lucian's A true story: an intermediate Greek reader (revised edition; first published 2011). [Oxford, OH]: Stephen Nimis, 2012. x, 185 p. $13.95 (pb). ISBN 9780983222804.

Hingley, Richard. Hadrian's Wall: a life. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. xx, 394 p. $150.00. ISBN 9780199641413.

*Hock, Ronald F. (trans., comm.). The Chreia and Ancient Rhetoric: Commentaries on Aphthonius's Progymnasmata. Writings from the Greco-Roman world, 31. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2012. xii, 345 p. $46.95 (pb). ISBN 9781589836440.

**James, Liz (ed.). Constantine of Rhodes, On Constantinople and the Church of the Holy Apostles. With a new edition of the Greek text by Ioannis Vassis. Farnham; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012. xii, 250 p. $124.95. ISBN 9781409431671.

*Kahlos, Maijastina (ed.). The faces of the other: religious rivalry and ethnic encounters in the later Roman World. Cursor mundi, 10. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2011. viii, 324 p. € 80.00. ISBN 9782503539997.

*Kilinski, Karl. Greek myth and Western art: the presence of the past. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. xxii, 281 p. $99.00. ISBN 9781107013322.

*Kristensen, T. M. and B. Poulsen (edd.). Ateliers and artisans in Roman art and archaeology. JRA Supplementary series, 92. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2012. 197 p. $99.00. ISBN 9781887829922.

*Laks, André and Michel Narcy (edd.). Autour de la perception. Philosophie antique, 12. Villeneuve d'Ascq: Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2012. 327 p. € 22.00 (pb). ISBN 9782757404003.

*Lallot, Jean. Études sur la grammaire alexandrine. Textes et traditions, 23. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 2013. 387 p. € 49.00 (pb). ISBN 9782711624621.

*Lasagna, Mauro, Anna Orlandini and Paolo Poccetti (edd.). Intorno alla negazione: analisi di contesti negativi, dalle lingue al romanzo. Atti della giornata di studi, Roma, 26 febbraio 2009. Linguarum varietas: an international journal, . Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2012. 208 p. € 95.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862275125.

*Lott, J. Bert (ed., trans., comm.). Death and dynasty in early imperial Rome: key sources, with text, translation, and commentary. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. x, 368 p. $34.99 (pb). ISBN 9780521860444.

*Malta, André. Homero múltiplo. São Paolo: Editora da Universidade de São Paolo, 2012. 285 p. R$ 38.00 (pb). ISBN 9788531413292.

*Marcaccini, Carlo. Atene sovietica: democrazia antica e rivoluzione comunista. dP Sentieri, 3. Pisa; Cagliari: Della Porta Editori, 2012. 271 p. € 18.00 (pb). ISBN 9788896209059.

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McGinn, Thomas A. J. (ed.). Obligations in Roman law: past, present, and future. Papers and monographs of the American Academy in Rome, 33. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012. viii, 367 p. $75.00. ISBN 9780472118434.

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Nirenberg, David. Anti-Judaism: the Western tradition. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2013. x, 610 p. $35.00. ISBN 9780393058246.

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Patera, Ioanna. Offrir en Grèce ancienne: gestes et contextes. Potsdamer Altertumswissenschaftliche Beiträge, Bd 41. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012. 292 p. € 57.00 (pb). ISBN 9783515101882.

Patterson, Richard, Vassilis Karasmanis and Arnold Hermann (edd.). Presocratics and Plato: festschrift at Delphi in honor of Charles Kahn. Papers presented at the festschrift symposium in honor of Charles Kahn organized by the Hyele Institute for Comparative Studies European Cultural Center of Delphi, June 3rd-7th, 2009, Delphi, Greece. Las Vegas; Zurich; Athens: Parmenides Publishing, 2012. xxix, 599 p. $87.00 (pb). ISBN 9781930972759.

Pavur, Claude. Easy on the Odes: a Latin phrase-book for the Odes of Horace. [St. Louis, MO]: Claude Pavur, 2012. xi, 185 p. $14.95 (pb). ISBN 5800089976853.

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Rebillard, Éric. Christians and their many identities in late antiquity, North Africa, 200-450 CE. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2012. ix, 134 p. $49.95. ISBN 9780801451423.

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Shelton, Jo-Ann. The women of Pliny's letters. Women of the ancient world. London; New York: Routledge, 2013. ix, 436 p. $90.00. ISBN 9780415374286.

Steel, Louise. Materiality and consumption in the Bronze Age Mediterranean. Routledge studies in archaeology. London; New York: Routledge, 2012. 264 p. $125.00. ISBN 9780415537346.

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Vierros, Marja. Bilingual notaries in Hellenistic Egypt: a study of Greek as a second language. Collectanea hellenistica, 5. Brussel: Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie van België voor Wetenschappen en Kunsten, 2012. 291 p. € 19.50 (pb). ISBN 9789065691033.

*Vistoli, Fabrizio (ed.). La riscoperta della Via Flaminia più vicina a Roma: storia, luoghi, personaggi. Atti dell'Incontro de studio, Roma, Auditorium dell'Ara Pacis, 22 giugno 2009. Fors Clavigera, 1. Roma: Edizioni Nuova Cultura, 2010. 189 p. € 40.00 (pb). ISBN 9788861345393.

*Vistoli, Fabrizio (ed.). Tomba di Nerone: toponimo, comprensorio e zona urbanistica di Roma capitale. Scritti tematici in memoria di Gaetano Messineo. Fors Clavigera, 2. Roma: Edizioni Nuova Cultura, 2012. 364 p. € 65.00 (pb). ISBN 9788861345683.

*Welch, Kathryn. Magnus Pius: Sextus Pompeius and the transformation of the Roman republic. Roman culture in an age of civil war. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2012. xxv, 364 p. $100.00. ISBN 9781905125449.

*Wetzel, James (ed.). Augustine's City of God: a critical guide. Cambridge critical guides. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. xviii, 261 p. $90.00. ISBN 9780521199940.

**Wienand, Johannes. Der Kaiser als Sieger: Metamorphosen triumphaler Herrschaft unter Constantin I. Klio - Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte. Beihefte, Neue Folge, 19. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2012. 646 p. € 99.80. ISBN 9783050059037.

*Wilson, Walter T. (ed., trans., comm.). The Sentences of Sextus. Wisdom literature from the ancient world, 1. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2012. xiv, 478 p. $51.95 (pb). ISBN 9781589837195.

*Wolfe, Michael (trans.). Cut these words into my stone: ancient Greek epitaphs. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013. xxviii, 178 p. $24.95 (pb). ISBN 9781421408040.

*Zago, Giovanni. Sapienza filosofica e cultura materiale: Posidonio e le altre fonti dell'Epistola 90 di Seneca . Istituto italiano di scienze umane. Studi. Bologna: Società editrice il Mulino, 2012. 359 p. € 29.00 (pb). ISBN 9788815150424.

Again Available

*Acerbi, Fabio (ed., trans., comm.). Diofanto, De polygonis numeris. Introduzione, testo critico, traduzione italiana e comment. Mathematic graeca antiqua, 1. Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2011. 245 p. € 74.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862274128.

*Zerba, Michelle. Doubt and skepticism in antiquity and the Renaissance. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. x, 260 p. $99.00. ISBN 9781107024656.

Still Available

*Botley, Paul and Dirk van Miert (edd.). The correspondence of Joseph Justus Scaliger (8 vols.). Travaux d'humanisme et Renaissance, 507/1-8. Genève: Librairie Droz, 2012. 5,000 p. $528.00. ISBN 9782600015523.

*Bradley, Richard. The idea of order: the circular archetype in prehistoric Europe. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. xv, 242 p. $110.00. ISBN 9780199608096.

*Catenacci, Carmine. Il tiranno e l'eroe: storia e mito nella Grecia antica. Lingue e letterature Carocci, 145. Roma: Carocci editore, 2012. 239 p. € 24.00 (pb). ISBN 9788843066476.

*Dalfen, Joachim. Parmenides - Protagoras - Platon - Marc Aurel: kleine Schriften zur griechischen Philosophie, Politik, Religion und Wissenschaft. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012. 556 p. € 79.00. ISBN 9783515102117.

*Dentice di Accadia Ammone, Stefano. Omero e i suoi oratori: tecniche di persuasione nell'Iliade. Beiträge zur Altertumskunde, Bd 302. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. X, 340 p. $154.00. ISBN 9783110287646.

*Eschbach, Norbert. Deutschland: Göttingen, Archäologisches Institut der Universität, Bd. 4: Attisch rotfigurige Keramik. Corpus vasorum aniquorum. Deutschland, Bd 92: Göttingen, Bd 4. München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2012. 159 p., 30 p. of figures, 67 p. of plates. € 98.00. ISBN 9783406635953.

*Friedland, Elise A. The Roman marble sculptures from the Sanctuary of Pan at Caesarea Philippi/Panias (Israel) . American Schools of Oriental Research archeological reports, 17. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2012. xiii, 186 p. $89.95. ISBN 9780897570879.

*Hodges, Richard. Dark Age economics: a new audit. Duckworth debates in archaeology. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2012. xiv, 160 p. $32.95 (pb). ISBN 9780715636794.

*Holt, Frank L. Lost world of the golden king: in search of ancient Afghanistan. Hellenistic culture and society, 53. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press, 2012. xxi, 343 p. $39.95. ISBN 9780520273429.

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*Kupreeva, Inna (trans., comm.). Philoponus: On Aristotle Meteorology 1.4-9, 12. Ancient commentators on Aristotle. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2012. 198 p. $90.00. ISBN 9780715636756.

*MacDonald, Burton, Larry G. Herr, D. Scott Quantance, Geoffrey A. Clark and Michael C. A. Macdonald. The Ayl to Ras an-Naqab Archaeological Survey, Southern Jordan 2005-2007 (2 vols.). American Schools of Oriental Research archeological reports, 16. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2012. xvi, 534 p. $149.95. ISBN 9780897570855.

*Meier-Brügger, Michael (ed.). Homer, gedeutet durch ein groβes Lexikon. Akten des Hamburger Kolloquiums vom 6. - 8. Oktober 2010 zum Abschluss des Lexikons des frühgriechischen Epos. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Neue Folge, Bd 21. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012. xvi, 377 p. $168.00. ISBN 9783110285185.

**Neger, Margot. Martials Dichtergedichte: das Epigramm als Medium der poetischen Selbstreflexion. Classica Monacensia, Bd 44. Tübingen: Narr, 2012. x, 382 p. € 88.00 (pb). ISBN 9783823367598.

*Patillon, Michel (ed., trans.). Corpus rhetoricum, Tome IV: Prolégomènes au De Ideis - Hermogène, Les catégories stylistiques du discours (De Ideis) - Synopse des exposés sur les Ideai. Collection des universités de France. Série grecque, 491. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2012. cxliv, 341 p. € 85.00 (pb). ISBN 9782251005751.

**Patzer, Andreas. Studia Socratica: zwölf Abhandlungen über den historischen Sokrates. Classica Monacensia, Bd 39. Tübingen: Narr Verlag, 2012. x, 370 p. € 88.00 (pb). ISBN 9783823365792.

**Porter, George. Black Antigone: Sophocles' tragedy meets the heartbeat of Africa. Gosport: Chaplin Books, 2012. 1 online resource (85 p.). £ 5.99. ISBN 9781909183087.

*Roecklein, Robert J. Machiavelli and Epicureanism: an investigation into the origins of early modern political thought. Lanham; Boulder; New York; Toronto; Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2012. xi, 213 p. $70.00. ISBN 9780739177105.

*Santana Henríquez, Germán. Literatura y Cine. Madrid: Ediciones Clásicas, 2012. 345 p. (pb). ISBN 9788478827565.

**Simón, Francisco Marco, Francisco Pina Polo and José Remesal Rodríguez (edd.). Vae Victis! Perdedores en el mundo antiguo. Col.lecció Instrumenta, 14. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. 296 p. € 32.00. ISBN 9788447536511.

*Ware, Catherine. Claudian and the Roman epic tradition. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. ix, 266 p. $99.00. ISBN 9781107013438.

*Worthington, Ian. Demosthenes of Athens and the fall of classical Greece. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. xxiv, 382 p. $35.00. ISBN 9780199931958.

**Causey, Faya. Ancient carved ambers in the J. Paul Getty Museum. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2012. Online publication. Free. ISBN 9781606060513.

*Dészpa, Mihály Loránd. Peripherie-Denken: Transformation und Adaption des Gottes Silvanus in den Donauprovinzen (1.-4. Jahrhundert n. Chr.) . Potsdamer Altertumswissenschaftliche Beiträge, Bd 35. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2011. x, 312 p., 13 p. of plates. € 62.00 (pb). ISBN 9783515099455.

*Fantazzi, Charles (trans.). Michael Marullus: Poems. The I Tatti Renaissance library, 54. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2012. xx, 475 p. $29.95. ISBN 9780674055063.

*Giardina, Giovanna R. Fisica del movimento e teoria dell'infinito: analisi critica di Aristotele, Phys. III. Symbolon. 40. Sankt Augustin: Academia Verlag, 2012. 329 p. € 32.50 (pb). ISBN 9783896655813.

*Gigante, Marcello. L'edera di Leonida. Saggi Bibliopolis, 108. Napoli: Bibliopolis, 2011. 177 p.; 8 p. of plates. € 25.00 (pb). ISBN 9788870885910.

*Iozzo, Mario. La Collezione Astarita nel Museo gregoriano etrusco, Parte I, 1: ceramica greca a figure nere di produzione non attica. Città del Vaticano: Edizioni Musei Vaticana, 2012. 101 p., xxxvi p. of plates. € 38.00 (pb). ISBN 9788882712556.

*Irvine, Susan and Malcolm R. Godden (edd., trans.). The Old English Boethius: with verse prologues and epilogues associated with King Alfred. Dumbarton Oaks medieval library, 19. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2012. xxiv, 451 p. $29.95. ISBN 9780674055582.

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*Maier, Felix K. "Überall mit dem Unerwarteten rechnen": die Kontingenz historischer Prozesse bei Polybios. Vestigia, Bd 65. München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2012. viii, 373 p. € 70.00. ISBN 9783406641718.

*Müller, Klaus. Die Ehrenbögen in Pompeji. Studien zur antiken Stadt, Bd 10. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2011. 140 p. € 59.00. ISBN 9783895008177.

*Paton, W. R., F. W. Walbank, Christian Habicht and S. Douglas Olson (trans.; rev.; ed., trans.). Polybius: The histories. Volume VI, Books 28-39 (revised edition); Unattributed fragments. Loeb classical library, 161. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2012. vii, 619 p. $24.00. ISBN 9780674996618.

*Pearson, Giles. Aristotle on desire. Cambridge classical studies. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. ix, 276 p. $99.00. ISBN 9781107023918.

*Potter, Paul (ed., trans.). Hippocrates, Volume X. Loeb classical library, 520. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2012. xxii, 432 p. $24.00. ISBN 9780674996830.

*Scheuble-Reiter, Sandra. Die Katökenreiter im ptolemäischen Ägypten. Vestigia, Bd 64. München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2012. xii, 428 p. € 70.00. ISBN 9783406641350.

**Simon, Erika (ed., comm.). Ausgewählte Schriften, Bd IV. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2012. 231 p. € 68.00. ISBN 9783447067584.

*Sluiter, Ineke and Ralph M. Rosen (edd.). Aesthetic value in classical antiquity. Mnemosyne supplements. Monographs on Greek and Latin language and literature, 350. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. viii, 486 p. $221.00. ISBN 9789004231672.

**Steingräber, Stephan (ed.). Tarquinia: Stadt und Umland von den Etruskern bis heute. Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie. Darmstadt: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2012. 144 p. € 29.99. ISBN 9783805344616.

*Achilli, Ilenia. Il Proemio del Libro 20 della Biblioteca Storica di Diodoro Siculo. Koinos logos, 5. Lanciano: Casa Editrice Rocco Carabba, 2012. 166 p. € 22.00 (pb). ISBN 9788863442403.

*Baltrusch, Ernst. Herodes: König im Heiligen Land. Eine Biographie. München: C. H. Beck, 2012. 448 p. € 26.95. ISBN 9783406637384.

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*Cavaliere, Barbara and Jennifer Udell (edd.). Ancient Mediterranean art: the William D. and Jane Walsh Collection at Fordham University. New York: Fordham University Press, 2012. 343 p. $75.00. ISBN 9780823244522.

*Fritzílas, Stamatis A. Χθόνια γοργόνα: ο μύθος στην ελληνική κεραμική. Tripole: Εκδόσεις Φύλλα, 2010. 111 p. € 10.65 (pb). ISBN 9789608462625.

*Gauer, Werner. Der Zorn des Zeus: und die klassische Kunst der Griechen. Einladung zu einer Griechenlandreise. Verlag Franz Philipp RutzenMainz; Ruhpolding, 2012. 208 p. € 29.80. ISBN 9783447067416.

*Giovacchini, Julie. L'Empirisme d'Épicure. Les Anciens et les Modernes - études de philosophie, 11. Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2012. 228 p. € 29.00 (pb). ISBN 9782812405044.

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*Helmer, Étienne. La part du bronze: Platon et l'économie. Tradition de la pensée classique. Paris: Librairie philosophique J. Vrin, 2010. 320 p. € 32.00 (pb). ISBN 9782711622634.

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*Kamtekar, Rachana (ed.). Virtue and happiness: essays in honour of Julia Annas. Oxford studies in ancient philosophy. Supplementary volume, 2012. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. x, 354 p. $40.00 (pb). ISBN 9780199646050.

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*Landucci Gattinoni, Franca. Filippo re dei Macedoni. Introduzioni. Storia. Bologna: Il mulino, 2012. 180 p. € 14.00 (pb). ISBN 9788815237170.

*Martin, Marco. Posidonio d'Apamea e i Celti: un viaggiatore greco in Gallia prima di Cesare. A10, 772. Roma: Aracne editrice, 2012. 504 p. € 30.00 (pb). ISBN 9788854843134.

*Pagliara, Alessandro. Retorica, filosofia e politica in Giuliano Cesare. Hellenica, 42. Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso, 2012. viii, 168 p. € 18.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862743778.

*Pinto, John A. Speaking ruins: Piranesi, architects and antiquity in eighteenth-century Rome. Thomas Spencer Jerome lectures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012. xxiii, 304 p. $65.00. ISBN 9780472118212.

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*Rollinger, Robert, Gundula Schwinghammer, Brigitte Truschnegg and Kordula Schnegg (edd.). Altertum und Gegenwart: 125 Jahre Alte Geschichte in Innsbruck. Vorträge der Ringvorlesung Innsbruck 2010. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Neue Folge, Bd 4. Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, 2012. 393 p. € 56.00. ISBN 9783851242200.

**Rosenberger, Veit. Religion in der Antike. Geschichte kompakt. Darmstadt: WBG (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 2012. 144 S. € 14.90. ISBN 9783534238262.

*Svarlien, John (trans.). Horace: Satires (introduction and notes by David Mankin). Indianapolis; Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 2012. xxxvi, 198 p. $14.95 (pb). ISBN 9781603848442.

**Zgoll, Christian. Römische Prosodie und Metrik: ein Studienbuch mit Audiodateien. Darmstadt: WBG (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 2012. 215 p.; MP3-Dateien. € 39.90. ISBN 9783236886.

**Andreae, Bernard. Römische Kunst: von Augustus bis Constantin. Darmstadt: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2012. 256 p. € 79.00. ISBN 9783805341912.

*Bernardakis, Panagiotes D. and Henricus Gerardus Ingenkamp (edd.). Plutarchi Chaeronensis Moralia, recognovit Gregorius N. Bernardakis. Editionem Maiorem (4 vols.). Athens: Academy of Athens, 2011. [46], 421 p.; [16], 557 p.; [44], 585 p.; [15], 473 p. ISBN 9789604041275.

*Günther, Linda-Marie and Volker Grieb (edd.). Das imperiale Rom und der hellenistische Osten: Festschrift für Jurgen Deininger zum 75. Geburtstag. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012. 211 p. € 44.00. ISBN 9783515101691.

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