Bryn Mawr Classical Review

Jens Gering, Domitian, dominus et deus? Herrschafts- und Machtstrukturen im Römischen Reich zur Zeit des letzten Flaviers. Osnabrücker Forschungen zu Altertum und Antike-Rezeption, 15. Rahden: Verlag Marie Leidorf, 2012. Pp. 433. ISBN 9783896467362. €84.00.

Reviewed by Kerstin Droß-Krüpe, Philipps-Universität Marburg – Seminar für Alte Geschichte (dross@staff.uni-marburg.de)

Version at BMCR home site

Table of Contents

Der Autor legt hier seine 2010 an der Universität Osnabrück eingereichte Dissertation vor, die für den Druck inhaltlich nicht verändert, wohl aber um einen Index erweitert wurde. Die Arbeit gliedert sich nach einer überraschend kurzen Einleitung (8-9) in fünf Teile. Zunächst werden Quellenlage und Forschungsstand präsentiert (Kapitel 3 and 4), dann erfolgt in drei Kapiteln die inhaltliche Auseinandersetzung mit Domitian unter den Aspekten Herrschaftslegitimation und -repräsentation (Kapitel 5), Herrschaftspraxis (Kapitel 6) sowie senatorische Opposition (Kapitel 7). Eine knappe Zusammenfassung und ein Anhang (inkl. Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis sowie Index) schließen die Arbeit ab.¹

Bereits in der Einleitung weist Gering auf die widersprüchlichen Bilder hin, welche die antike Literatur uns über Domitian präsentiert und die in divergierenden Einschätzungen dieses princeps in der Altertumswissenschaft gemündet sind. Gerings Anliegen ist nun „die Einordnung der domitianischen Politik in den allgemeinen Entwicklungsprozess des Principats im 1. Jahrhundert n.Chr." Die Arbeit steht also in der Tradition der Frage nach Kontinuitäten und Diskontunitäten, die seit einigen Jahren verstärkt als Analyserahmen historischer Fragestellungen genutzt wird.

Im folgenden Kapitel „Quellenlage" (10-27) widmet sich Gering dem überlieferten Quellenmaterial, wobei er insbesondere auf dessen Quellenwert fokussiert.² Dabei bleiben aber einige Einordnungen vage und unscharf. So heißt es beispielsweise von Iuvenal er sei „problematisch" (21), von Sueton heißt es einerseits sein Werk bereite „weniger Schwierigkeiten bei der Interpretation", andererseits sei es „oftmals schwierig, zwischen Historischem und Anekdotischem zu unterschieden" (22). Dion von Prusa könne aus persönlichen Gründen nicht zu einem objektiven Urteil über den Principat Domitians kommen, während Gering umgekehrt für Statius angesichts dessen persönlicher Verquickungen nicht zu einem ähnlichen Schluss kommt – dessen Silvae bieten laut Gering „die Möglichkeit, die kaiserliche Regierungstätigkeit [...] zu rekonstruieren". Irritierend ist eine gewisse Skepsis Gerings gegenüber dem epigraphischen Material, dem in diesem Abschnitt insgesamt nur 20 Zeilen eingeräumt werden. Zwar seien diese „vertrauenswürdiger als die literarischen Quellen", es sei aber „mit diversen Fehlermöglichkeiten zu rechnen" (25), die dann aber nicht näher spezifiziert werden.

Der Abschnitt „Forschungsgeschichte und Methodik" (28-37) liefert einen anschaulichen Überblick über die Domitianforschung seit dem ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert. Gewinnbringend und übersichtlich sind hier die zentralen Strömungen und methodischen Zugänge zusammengefasst. Aus den bisherigen Arbeiten leitet Gering die Prämissen für seine eigenen Forschungen ab, nämlich die Verlagerung des Fokus' von der Persönlichkeit des princeps auf seine politischen Konzepte und die Loslösung von einer isolierten Betrachtung Domitians, der statt dessen besser in den Kontext der flavischen Dynastie als Ganzes einzuordnen sei (35). Folglich formuliert Gering als Ziel seiner Dissertation eine längsschnittartige Analyse der flavischen Herrschafts- und Machtstrukturen, um Kontinuitäten und Brüche besser zu fassen.

In Kapitel 5 „Die Legitimation von Herrschaft unter den Flaviern" (38-199) beginnt nun die eigentliche Untersuchung – und zwar mit dem Herrschaftsantritts Vespasians im Jahr 69 n.Chr. Dieser Startpunkt ist angesichts der angestrebten längsschnittartigen Betrachtung der flavischen Regenten durchaus konsequent, die intensivere Einbeziehung der Frage, welche Komponenten und Entwicklungen Vespasian letztlich den Principat bescherten, wäre aber durchaus auch gewinnbringend bewesen. Gering betont die Bedeutung, die die Vergabe von Ämtern für die Sicherung und Etablierung der flavischen Herrschaft besessen habe (56). Insbesondere sieht er aber das sog. dynastische Prinzip als Schlüsselelement der Herrschaftslegitimation – wobei nach Ansicht der Rezensentin zunächst einmal danach zu fragen wäre, ob und inwieweit die schiere Existenz eines Nachfolgers überhaupt als Instrument zur Legitimation von Herrschaft verstanden werden darf. Weniger der Aspekt der Legitimation als vielmehr der einer Konsolidierung und Vertrauensbildung dürften durch die Betonung von dynastischer Stabilität von Kontinuität angesprochen worden sein – die Legitimität eines Herrschers lässt sich dagegen wohl nicht an der Zahl seiner Söhne messen.

Überzeugend gelingt Gering in diesem Abschnitt die Dekonstruktion der oft postulierten Feindschaft zwischen den Brüdern Titus und Domitian. Zuzustimmen ist auch seiner Einschätzung der sexuellen Unmoral bzw. exzessivem Sexualleben als literarische Topoi (111). Die Existenz einer Liebesbeziehung zwischen Domitian und seiner Nichte Iulia wird von Gering daher ins Reich der Fabel verwiesen. Interessant ist allerdings, dass sein Urteil mit Blick auf die postulierte Affäre der Kaisergattin Domitia zum Schauspieler Paris auf Basis der selben Quellen anders ausfällt. Nicht ganz überzeugen kann auch die Argumentation, dass das Iseum Campense kein Ausdruck eines engen Bezugs des princeps zur Göttin Isis und Ägypten sei, sondern lediglich als Element eines ehrgeizigen kaiserlichen Bauprogramms gesehen werden darf (122f.).³ Ausführlich widmet sich Gering der bereits in der Vergangenheit viel diskutierten Frage nach der Historizität der dominus et deus-Titulatur. Zu Recht weist er darauf hin, dass viele nachdomitianische Quellen, die die Annahme eines solchen Titels postulieren, vermutlich auf eine Passage bei Sueton zurückgehen. Stärkstes Argument ist aber sicherlich das Fehlen dieser Phrase in den Inschriften, in denen zwar Domitian zweimal als dominus, nie aber als dominus et deus bezeichnet wird (134).

Es folgt eine Analyse der flavischen Münzprägungen, wobei allerdings der Schwerpunkt eindeutig auf den domitianischen Münzen liegt, während die Münzen der übrigen flavischen Kaiser nur vereinzelt als Vergleichsfolien herangezogen werden. Gering kann auch für dieses Medium eine Betonung des dynastischen Prinzips herausarbeiten, das sich in der wiederkehrenden Abbildung verschiedener Familienmitglieder Domitians manifestiert. Gleichzeitig rücken die ludi saeculares-Prägungen Domitian in eine direkte Traditionslinie zu Augustus (ebenso wie die Umbenennung zweier Monate). Auch in der Nomenklatur finden sich Bezüge auf Augustus. Neben den Traditionslinien sind aber auch innovative Elemente, wie der Germanicus- oder der censor perpetuus-Titel zu finden. Insbesondere der Germanicus-Siegerbeiname wird von Gering überzeugend als Indiz für ein Streben nach militärischer Legitimation Domitians gedeutet. Auch für die bildliche Repräsentation Domitians betont Gering mit Blick auf den equus Domitiani und die Cancelleria-Reliefs, die Traditionslinien, in die sich Domitian stellte. Auch hier sind also die Kontinuitäten vorherrschend. Selbst für die domus Augustana lässt sich ein Anknüpfen an frühere Traditionen aufzeigen.

Den Abschluss des Kapitels bilden Ausführungen zur Rezeption der Herrschaftsdarstellung Domitians. Gering denkt hier an für die Provinzen des Imperiums die Provinzialprägungen zu benutzen, kommt aber zu dem Schluss, dass diese für seine Fragestellung „nur sehr bedingt herangezogen werden" können (192). Daher untersucht er im folgenden Abschnitt die Rezeption Domitians anhand der zeitgenössischen Literatur. Die Fokussierung auf die literarische Überlieferung, insbesondere auf die domitianzeitliche Dichtung, ist aus mehreren Gründen nicht unproblematisch. Zwar geht Gering davon aus, der princeps und sein Umfeld hätten keinen direkten Einfluss auf die Werke des Statius' und des Martials genommen, deren unmittelbare zeitliche Nähe macht eine Trennung zwischen offizieller Herrschaftsrepräsentation und deren Rezeption aber dennoch schwierig. Auch wenn Domitian nicht als „Literaturpatron" agierte, die Dichter nicht finanzierte und ihre Werke nicht zensierte, so erscheint es doch zumindest fraglich, ob die Dichter wirklich „lediglich Rezipienten der öffentlichen Repräsentation" waren (193). Erfolgversprechender für die Erfassung der Rezeption Domitians hätte nach Ansicht der Rezensentin die Heranziehung von privaten Weihungen sein können, um zu analysieren, wie bestimmte Bevölkerungskreise Domitian sahen und welche Elemente seiner offiziellen Herrschaftsrepräsentation aufgegriffen wurden.⁴

Im Kapitel 6 (200-304) untersucht Gering die „Herrschaftspraxis Domitians", beginnend mit seinem Engagement in Rom und im italischen Kernland. Ziel ist das Herausarbeiten „der konkreten Herrschaftstätigkeit des letzten Flaviers", genauer die Frage „nach einem persönlichen Regierungsstil des ‚princeps' im Vergleich zu seinen Vorgängern" (201). Kronzeugen sind hier primär die literarischen Überlieferungen. Es zeigt sich das Bild eines klug agierenden Realpolitikers, sei es mit Blick auf Maßnahmen im Bereich der Landwirtschaft, des Bauprogramms oder die Organisation der Verwaltung. Immer wieder findet Gering auch hier Anknüpfungspunkte an politische Maßnahmen vorangegangener Principes (eine Ausnahme bildet der censor perpetuus, der zu Recht als domitianische Neuerung gewürdigt wird). Überzeugend herausgearbeitet wird hier auch die Fürsorge und Weitsicht Domitians in der Provinzverwatung sowie in der Grenzpolitik. Gerings Fazit lautet hier (304): "Alles in allem ergibt sich für Domitian daher das Bild eines strengen, akribisch arbeitenden und engagierten ‚princeps', der seine Regierungsgeschäfte nach dem Vorbild seines Vaters seriös und im Kern auch erfolgreich führte."

Das abschließende siebte Kapitel untersucht „Das Verhältnis zwischen „(Senats-)Opposition" und Princeps (305-348). Gering vermutet in der Existenz von senatorischen Oppositionsgruppierungen die Wurzel des negativen Domitiansbildes der senatorischen Geschichtsschreibung. Auch im Umgang mit oppsitionellen Strömungen wie z.B. Arulenus Rusticus und Herennius Senecio sieht Gering Domitian in einer Traditionslinie zu seinen Vorgängern Nero und Vespasian (311-315). Auch sein Umgang mit dem Aufstand des Saturninus zeigt sich bei näherer Betrachtung nicht durchgehend grausam, sondern ähnelt dem Vorgehen anderer principes gegen Usurpatoren. Kontinuität und Tradition sind auch die Schlagworte, mit denen Gering Domitians Personalpolitik und damit sein Verhältnis zur senatorischen Opposition kennzeichnet. Mögliche Gründe für die zunehmend kritische Sicht senatorischer Kreise auf den princeps, vermutet Gering im Eingreifen Domitians in die Besetzung der Suffektkonsulate und anderer Ämter, was zu einer Art „Beförderungsstau" geführt habe (337 f.).

Kapitel 8 („Zusammenfassung", 349-357) subsumiert die Ergebnisse der Arbeit noch einmal schlaglichtartig. Gering rehabilitiert Domitian und skizziert ihn als Traditionalisten und umsichtigen Realpolitiker. Nennenswerte Veränderungen zu den vorhergehenden principes kann er nicht ausmachen. Hauptorientierungspunkte für Domitian und sein Agieren sind Vespasian und Augustus. Der pessimus princeps ist wohl also konstruiertes Gegenbild zum optimus princeps Trajan zu verstehen.

Gerings Arbeit liefert ohne Zweifel einen guten Einstieg in das Themenfeld Domitian und gut lesbaren Überblick über die Domitian-Forschung der letzten Jahrzehnte. Der längsschnittartige Zugang zeigt interessante Kontinuitätslinien, die umso stärker die Frage nach den Ursprüngen des Bildes vom grausamen Tyrannen aufwerfen. Eine stärkere Einbeziehung der Inschriften statt der deutlichen Fokussierung auf die literarische Überlieferung hätte allerdings für die von Gering aufgeworfenen Fragen sicherlich hilfreich sein und zur Erarbeitung neuer Akzente beitragen können. Dennoch können Gerings Thesen sicherlich Anstöße zu weiteren Forschungen liefern.

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Notes:

1.   Insbesondere Studierende werden sich über den chronologischen Überblick im Anhang freuen. Etwas gewöhnungsbedürftig ist dagegen die doppelte Hervorhebung lateinischer Termini durch Kursive und Anführungszeichen, die Verwendung unterschiedlicher Griechisch-Fonts, sowie einige eher unkonventionell gelöste Seitenlayouts (z.B. der Beginn von Hauptkapiteln auf einer linken / geraden Seite oder die Gestaltung von S.142). Die Seitenverweise im Index ist darüber hinaus häufig fehlerhaft, so z.B. die Einträge zu den Arvalbrüdern.
2.   Dieses Vorgehen ist im Rahmen der Osnabrücker Forschungen durchaus üblich (z.B. auch bei Dingmann, Pompeius magnus oder Matijevic, Marcus Antonius), es stellt sich für die Rezensentin allerdings immer die Frage nach der Zielgruppe dieser Abschnitte. Für den Fachwissenschaftler können sie wenig bis nichts Neues liefern, für Studierende oder mit der Materie (noch) nicht vertraute Personen wird so doch immerhin ein Überblick und Einstieg in die entsprechenden Problematiken geboten.
3.   Anders z.B. Quack, der insbesondere auf die Gestaltung des in domitianischer Zeit gestalteten Obelisken hinweist, der nicht nur die ‚Krönung' Domitians durch Isis zeigt, sondern den princeps auch als „von Isis geliebt" bezeichnet. F. Quack, Zum ägyptischen Ritual im Iseum Campense in Rom, in: Metzner-Nebelsick u.a. (Hrsg.), Rituale in der Vorgeschichte, Antike und Gegenwart. Studien zur Vorderasiatischen, Prähistorischen und Klassischen Archäologie, Ägyptologie, Alten Geschichte, Theologie und Religionswissenschaft. Interdisziplinäre Tagung vom 1.-2. Februar 2002 an der Freien Universität Berlin, IA-ASTK 4 (Rahden/Westf. 2003), 57-66.
4.   Vorbildlich werden die Erkenntnismöglichkeiten eines solches Vorgehens im Verbund-Projekt „Mediale Diskurse römischer Herrscherrepräsentation", Teilprojekt 3 „Die römischen Kaiser im Medium der Inschriften" demonstriert.

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Rolf Hurschmann, Hamburg, Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Band 2: Unteritalisch rotfigure Keramik. Corpus vasorum antiquorum. Deutschland, Bd. 91; Hamburg Bd. 2. München: Verlag C.H. Beck, 2012. Pp. 135; 83 p. of plates. ISBN 9783406625664. €98.00.

Reviewed by Keely Elizabeth Heuer, New York University (keh238@nyu.edu)

Version at BMCR home site

Table of Contents

This superbly detailed CVA volume contains the entire collection of South Italian vases in the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg (MKGH), a total of 138 whole vases and fragments. The material has been organized by region of production and then by shape and chronology. South Italian wares, unlike Attic vases, were not widely exported and seem to have been for local consumption; therefore modern scholarship divides the corpus into fabrics named for the region in which they were made. Most vases in the MKGH's holdings are Apulian, but there are nine items from Campania, three from Lucania, one from Paestum, and fifteen of unclear manufacture. They are predominantly decorated in the red-figure technique, which was transferred from Athens to southern Italy along with vase shapes and iconography around the mid fifth century B.C., probably first to Metapontum and soon after to Tarentum (modern Taranto). One Campanian Nolan amphora is black-glazed, and some of the pieces of indeterminate fabric are decorated with added colors over black glaze, including an elaborate thymiaterion consisting of an Ionic column surrounded by small lebetes on a tall base (1917.1079; pl. 82, 1-4). Applied polychromy is also seen on two plastic askoi in the form of reclining satyrs and on a female-head oinochoe (1917.449; 1962.168; and 1963.75; pl. 83). Five lost or deaccessioned vases have been included at the end of the text.

Hurschmann's thorough entries for each object begin with a full record of its known provenience and preserved measurements, including weight and, when possible, volume calculated by the use of Styrofoam granules. They continue with bibliography, which first lists references in the standard works of Arthur Dale Trendall, Alexander Cambitoglou, and Ian McPhee, and then lists additional sources in chronological order. Further bibliographic information and abundant comparanda related to the painter, shape, and decoration conclude each entry after meticulous descriptions of condition, shape, ornament, and figural decoration. Even subtle details, such as the presence of fingerprints, are noted, and the descriptions are extraordinarily precise, including the binomial nomenclature for the species of sea life appearing on the three fish plates. The text is enhanced by the excellent photography of Maria Thrun and Sabine Günther and the vase profiles by Maria Witek and Andrea Harms. The drawings by Silke Vry within the text that illustrate preliminary sketch lines as well as inscriptions and dipinti are also most helpful. The documentation of vases with pierced bases, both in the text and in the photographs, is a great improvement upon earlier descriptions of South Italian vases that often omit this important detail which renders them useless as containers for the living, indicating that they were intended purely for funerary use. Trendall, Cambitoglou, and McPhee assigned nearly two-thirds of the red-figure vases to a particular painter or workshop, and K. Schauenburg attributed an additional four. During the writing of this volume, an additional 28 vases were connected to a specific hand. Unfortunately none of the pieces has a secure provenance, but the distinctive features of each South Italian ware, including preferences in shape and decoration, make them identifiable, even when findspots are unknown. The volume concludes with eight Indices: I, Concordance of Inventory Numbers, Plates, and Supplementary Plates; II, Findspots; III, Collections, Purchases, and Donations; IV, Measurements; V, Special Technical Features; VI, Representations; VII, Inscriptions, Dipinti, and Graffiti; VIII, Painters and Workshops.

Around the end of the fifth century B.C., South Italian vase-painting began diverging from its Attic roots, probably, at least in part, because of decreased imports from the Athenian Kerameikos after the conclusion of the Peloponnesian War. The South Italian vases in the MKGH's collection, which date predominantly between the second quarter and the end of the fourth century B.C., illustrate much of the typical iconography of this period and the most common shapes.

The most frequent type of decoration, seen on 54 pieces, features women, youths, and effeminate Erotes either alone or grouped in various combinations. They typically carry items ranging from toilette objects such as mirrors and fillets to cult implements like phialai and thyrsoi, with further items often suspended in the ground surrounding them. See for instance the youth with a lyre and phiale seated by a recumbent deer on the lid of the spherical pyxis attributed to the Stuttgart and Kantharos Groups (1876.286a/b, pl. 53). He is flanked by two standing women, one carrying an oinochoe and situla and the other a house-shaped cista and phiale. An unusual shape in the collection with this iconography is a phiale painted on the interior by the Baltimore Painter, which has a handle in the form of a nude youth with raised arms whose legs turn upward to terminate in a swan's head (1991.76: pls. 65-66). The piece is further elaborated with plastic mold-made decoration: a confronted lion and griffin on the handle plate, a female head to either side of the youth's arms, and a small plaque depicting the rape of Ganymede opposite the handle on the underside, placed just below the rim.

This CVA volume contains many examples of the most frequent image in South Italian vase-painting: the isolated head, which appears as a primary or secondary motif on over one third of the surviving corpus. The heads in the MKGH's collection are generally female, such as those on the Apulian amphora 1875.37 (pl. 1) and the Campanian lekanis 1917.812b (pl. 75, 1-4). They may also be winged, as that on the White Saccos Painter's oinochoe (1875.191; pl. 39, 1-4), or that of a youth, painted in added white on a Saint-Valentin class kantharos (1917.1081; pl. 81, 1-2). The earliest South Italian vases decorated with heads date to the late fifth century B.C., but the motif does not appear repeatedly until ca. 380 B.C., after which it becomes increasingly more popular until the cessation of red-figure vase production in southern Italy and Sicily in the early third century B.C. Most of the heads on the MKGH's vases are drawn in profile, but several are in three-quarter view like the female head with a few curly tresses escaping from her lampadion hairstyle on the Apulian lekanis lid 1875.202b (Pl. 55, 1-3). Like most female heads on South Italian vases, she wears earrings and a necklace, but her diadem of oak leaves is more elaborate than the typical radiate form.

A funerary monument surrounded by mourners bearing offerings is another common type of scene on South Italian vases represented in the MKGH's collection. Between 370 and 355 B.C., the Iliupersis Painter created the canonical Apulian monumental funerary vase decorated with a naiskos- a small, temple-like shrine- on the obverse, and a stele monument on the reverse. Such scenes predominantly appear on large-scale shapes, such as the volute-krater 1917.1093 (Pls. 11-12 and 13, 1-2), but they are seen as well on non-monumental vases, for instance the hydriai 1984.447b (Pls. 30-31) and 1982.4 (Pls. 34-35). Naiskoi usually contain one or two figures within them, understood as depictions of the deceased and their family members or servants, but the Helmet Painter's volute-krater is noteworthy for the standing satyr holding a situla and kantharos who faces the deceased youth seated in the naiskos on the obverse and for the flowering plant within the naiskos on the reverse (1917.1092; pls. 24-26).

Dionysiac scenes appropriately occur on nearly all the calyx-kraters and bell-kraters as well as an Apulian skyphos (1917.1089; pl. 59, 1-3) and the only Paestan vase in the volume, a chous decorated with a dancing, wreathed satyr holding a small branch and phiale in his outstretched arms (1984.527; pl. 78). On the Lucanian calyx-krater, elements of the mortal world are transferred to the Dionysiac realm; the central dancing satyr holds a walking stick like a male citizen, and the maenad to his right carries a kalathos and kottabos stand (1877.978; pl. 72). The Lucanian bell-krater by the Brooklyn-Budapest Painter features an ithyphallic caricature of Hermes holding a pomegranate between a woman bearing a phiale and wreath and a satyr carrying a situla and thyrsos (2008.404; pls. 73, 1-5). Perhaps this image was inspired by a comedic performance, like a phlyax play, similar to the humorous courting scene involving Zeus and Hermes on the obverse of the Paestan bell-krater Vatican U 19.¹ The most complex mythological imagery in the MKGH's South Italian collection appears on the fragmentary volute-krater attributed to the Darius Painter, one of the most influential and original Apulian vase-painters (2003.130; pls. 17- 23). Both sides of the body are decorated with a gigantomachy, and this depiction is unusual for the number of gods shown fighting from chariots, including perhaps the earliest representation of Apollo in a biga pulled by griffins. Not much of the decoration on the obverse of the neck is preserved, but the reverse features five Erotes, each standing or dancing on a flower.

Two more vases by the Darius Painter, a fragmentary volute-krater and an oversized lekythos, demonstrate his interest in Greek relations with the East. On the former piece, the body is divided into three zones (2003.129; pls. 14-16). Greeks battle Orientals in the top frieze, while in the lowest band figures in Eastern dress are seated and reclining on the beach between two ships and a parade of Nereids ride a dolphin, a ketos, and a hippocamp. In the center zone, a female figure is flanked by spiraling tendrils on each side of the vase: on the obverse, Nike flies with abbreviated wings while carrying a victory wreath, and on the reverse, Asia, identified by inscription in the upper frieze above her, sits with a hand raised to her lowered head. The condition of the vase makes it unclear whether these scenes refer to a historical event or a mythological war against the Persians, but the unusual combination of Oriental warriors and ships might depict the initial battle of the Trojan War as the Greek ships landed on the beach of Troy. Hurschmann correctly notes that the Greek soldiers' helmets reflect contemporary armor of Magna Graecia. The restoration of this vase revealed that the fragment decorated with a bearded, fully-armed warrior interpreted by Schauenburg as Alexander the Great belongs instead to the Gigantomachy krater described above. The lekythos's imagery is equally enigmatic with its central palace containing a standing woman on the left gesturing towards an enthroned male with ram horns on the right (2003.131; pls. 46-49). The incomplete inscriptions preserved on the base of the palace do not clarify the locale, but the altar flanked by tripods below the palace suggests a sacral space. Conversing groups of warriors in Oriental dress appear on both sides of the palace, and on the right are two palm trees and an additional altar.

Hurschmann's careful and balanced approach to the interpretation of unclear iconography is to be lauded as is his scrupulous research. It is difficult to find any fault in such an exhaustive exploration; my only criticism is that, despite the extensive use of added colors in South Italian vase-painting, as consistently noted in the text, no color plates were included, even for the most prominent pieces. It should be noted that the dating of some Campanian pieces and the Paestan chous may need to be slightly adjusted according to Denoyelle and Iozzo's revised chronology of Trendall's Tyrrhenian workshops.² Overall, this volume is a welcome addition to the field and serves as an admirable model for future publications of South Italian vase collections.

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Notes:

1.   A.D. Trendall, The Red-Figured Vases of Paestum (British School at Rome 1987) 124, no. 2/176, pl. 73a, b.
2.   Martine Denoyelle and Mario Iozzo, La céramique grecque d'Italie méridionale et de Sicile (Picard 2009) 238.

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Paolo Crivelli, Plato's Account of Falsehood: a Study of the Sophist. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Pp. xi, 309. ISBN 9780521199131. $95.00.

Reviewed by László Bene, Eötvös Loránd University (benel@elte.hu)

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Crivelli's monograph is devoted to Plato's account in the Sophist of how false yet meaningful sentences can be possible. The discussion takes the form of a detailed philosophical commentary on the middle part of the dialogue (236D-264B). Crivelli quotes, translates, and discusses the text almost in its entirety, including issues of text and translation. We get a thorough and lucid reconstruction of Plato's argument. At contested points, Crivelli offers a classification of the available interpretations, meticulously ponders the arguments for and against each class, and makes a choice between them. This procedure makes it difficult to do justice to the subtleties of individual contributions, but this price must be paid if a complete review of interpretative possibilities is being aimed at. Crivelli's book is bound to become a standard reference in Plato scholarship because of its comprehensiveness, philological rigor, and philosophical clarity.

Chapter 1 (The Sophist Defined) briefly discusses the frame of the dialogue which portrays the Eleatic Visitor's and Theaetetus' search for the definition of the art of the sophist. Crivelli, adopting the most straightforward reading, takes it that the first six attempts to define the sophist fail, while the final definition is meant to be accepted. In the discussion leading up to the seventh definition, Plato puts sophistry and imitative arts into the same class. According to Crivelli, the image-making art of the sophist consists in producing false sentences that are images of true sentences (p. 23 f.). In my opinion, both Plato's formulation¹ and the analogy of painting and sculpture suggest that the original-image relationship obtains between objects of the real world and objects of the world of appearance created by the sophist's discourse rather than between linguistic items, true sentences and deceptive false sentences.

Chapter 2 (Puzzles About Not-Being) addresses the problems concerning not-being, images, and falsity – concepts involved in the final description of sophistry. In Crivelli's view, the fundamental problem about not-being is that what is not is unsayable. He interprets 'not-being' in terms of non-existence in the initial puzzles (237B7-239A12), and the first two puzzles can easily be understood along these lines: (1) whoever tries to say what is not, does not accomplish an act of saying, because there is no object to which the act of saying could be directed; (2) no expression can be applied to what is not, because 'not-being' or 'not-beings' imply numerical attributes which in turn imply existence. However, I have some reservations concerning this interpretation: in the last puzzle (3), the incomplete use of the verb 'to be' clearly surfaces. For it turns out, says the Visitor, that argument (2) is incoherent because its conclusion (namely, 'what is not is inexpressible'), simply in virtue of its grammatical form, attributes being and unity to what is not. The modern notion of existence was defined in contradistinction to the sense of the copulative use of the verb 'to be'. In fact, on Crivelli's own interpretation, Plato never distinguishes between the existential and the copulative verb 'to be' in the Sophist; moreover, as he acknowledges, the complete and incomplete uses are semantically close in Plato's usage. Finally, 'non-existence' and 'not being anything at all' seem to be inter-entailing. In view of these considerations, there seems to me little point in insisting on a purely existential reading of the puzzles.

Crivelli argues that the puzzles about falsity are also based on the impossibility of saying what does not exist. In the description of falsity in terms of 'saying things that are not' the latter phrase either directly means nonexistent items, or the argument fallaciously substitutes negations of existence for some other use of the negated verb 'to be'. According to Crivelli's interpretation, the latter strategy is adopted in the puzzle about images.

Chapter 3 (Puzzles About Being) treats the stretch of argument about previous ontological theories more briefly. I missed here an explanation from Crivelli of why it is necessary to raise the question about being along with the problems about not-being.

Chapter 4 (The Communion of Kinds) discusses the first part of the constructive metaphysical argument. In the proof of the distinctness of the five 'great kinds', being, change, stability, identity, and difference, the sentence 'change is stable' is treated as false.² This is problematic, because change as a kind must be stable, and the statement rejected should be accepted as true. Crivelli's solution is that the sentence must be interpreted in terms of its definitional reading ('change is in virtue of its own nature stable' – an obviously false claim) rather than in terms of ordinary predication ('change instantiates stability').³ He suggests, following an interpretative tradition started by Michael Frede,⁴ that the ontological distinction between 'things that are said to be on their own' and 'things that are said to be relatively to something different' (255C14-15) is also based on the distinction between ordinary predicative sentences and definitional sentences. In Crivelli's version, in affirmative definitional sentences the subject and predicate term signify the same kind, and the predicate offers a complete description of the nature of the kind signified by the subject term. The second condition sets apart definitional sentences from identity statements.⁵ Another consequence is that predications of the genus, like 'angling is an acquisitive art', do not qualify as definitional sentences (127, n. 80). Crivelli fails to explain what kind of sentences, then, predications of the genus are and how they relate to definitional sentences.

255E-257A contains an argument leading to the conclusion that 'not-being' is necessarily applied to every kind, including being, because each of them is different from every other kind. The Visitor examines pairs of affirmative and negative sentences with the same subject term ('change') and predicate terms. He argues, for instance, that 'change is identical' and 'change is not identical' are both true, since the two sentences are to be understood differently. The affirmative members of the pairs are doubtless normal predications expressing that the subject participates in the kind signified by the predicate. As for the negative members, Crivelli classifies them as negative definitional sentences. He considers the interpretation in terms of negative identity statements a viable (although less economical) option (p. 166). Change is not-identical 'because of its communion with the different, whereby, being separated from the identical, it becomes not that but different' (256B2-4). If this remark is not meant merely as an argument for the truth of the sentence 'change is not-identical' but as a statement of its meaning that traces back negation to participation in difference, then the interpretation in terms of negative identity might be closer to Plato's intentions than Crivelli's definitional reading.

Chapter 5 (Negation and Not-Being) scrutinizes 257B1-258C6, where the Visitor turns, according to Crivelli, to negative predication. Crivelli argues for an extensional interpretation of negative predication at 257B1-C4 ('x is not F' = 'x is different from everything that is F / an F'). In 257C5-D13, 'the parts of the different' (for example, 'not- beautiful', the part of the different set against beauty) qualify, in Crivelli's view, as kinds in the full sense. He argues that 'not-being' defined at 257D14-258C6 is a collection of indefinitely many kinds like 'not-being-beautiful' and that it is explained in terms of difference from everything that falls under 'being (an) F', which amounts to an analysis of incomplete uses of the negated verb 'to be'. The interpretation developed in this chapter is coherent and well- argued, but it cannot be regarded as cogent in every respect, because the text is underdetermined to such an extent that even the widely accepted assumption that Plato's aim here is to give an account of negative predication can be reasonably called into question.⁶

Chapter 6 (Sentences, False Sentences, and False Belief) identifies two moves in the solution to the problem of falsity. (1) Crivelli emphasizes that, in Plato's account, a sentence is not directed to a single object (like propositions in modern theories). Instead, it is directed to two things, an object referred to by the name contained in the sentence and an action (a kind) signified by its verb. The object and the action are put together in a single act of saying like the violin and the bow, but they do not form a new composite entity. (2) A false sentence says what is not about an object to be about that object, but this does not mean that the action in question does not exist. Take the false sentence 'Theaetetus is flying'. 'Flying' is not about Theaetetus, but this means only that flying is different from every kind that is about Theaetetus. The upshot is that false sentences need not be directed to non-existent objects. Crivelli also examines whether and how this analysis can be extended to negative false sentences.

Let me finally make some more general comments. Crivelli refrains from going into broader questions like the historical context of the problems raised in the Sophist, or its relationship to Plato's earlier ontology or to the treatment of falsity in the Theaetetus. That seems to me a reasonable decision, given the advanced state of the scholarly debate about the Sophist's argument itself. Less fortunate is that he does not offer a general philosophical discussion of the results of his exegesis, remaining as he does within the confines of a commentary. ⁷

If we read Crivelli's monograph as an interpretation of the inner core of the Sophist, we might complain about a certain imbalance: the discussion focuses on the problem of falsity, while the ontological theory advanced to make a solution possible remains in the background. Of course, it is perfectly legitimate to focus on the problem of falsity and not-being. But even so, we might wish to see what the connection is between this complex of problems and the examination of being. An alternative interpretation of the initial puzzles about not-being might be helpful here. In my view, the fundamental assumption governing the argument is that being and not-being cannot be co- instantiated. The puzzles are designed to show that this assumption is problematic and must be qualified. A joint examination of being and not-being is needed because the problematic premiss concerns both not-being and being.

My overview obviously cannot do justice to the subtlety and richness of Crivelli's analysis; moreover, it frequently highlights points where I see room for questions. Crivelli's monograph synthesizes the solid results emerging from the vast research literature produced in the last five decades on the Sophist. He soberly chooses among the interpretative possibilities, never yielding to speculative interpretations. The virtues of his account are comprehensiveness, detailed and clear presentation, and the philosophical coherence of the interpretation embraced. The book is excellently produced, with an index of names and passages cited. I recommend the book to philosophers, classicists, and graduate students – to anyone who is seriously interested in this masterpiece of the late Plato.

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Notes:

1.   I have in mind the occurrence of the word onta, 'things that are', at 234D6 and 235A2.
2.   255A4-B7. The same problem arises in other passages as well.
3.   The generalizing reading of the sentence in question ('everything that instantiates change also instantiates stability') seems to work as well. Crivelli rejects it because in the proofs at 255D-E normal predications also play a role (p. 122). This is not fatal, provided that the alternation of the sentences of different types is systematic.
4.   Prädikation und Existenzaussage (Göttingen, 1967).
5.   So 'the good is the most highly praised kind in the Republic' expresses a true identity statement, but it does not have a definitional reading. A further difference is that the subject of identity statements can be kinds and particulars alike, whereas definitional sentences relate exclusively to kinds.
6.   Job van Eck, 'Falsity without Negative Predication', Phronesis 40 (1995), 20-47.
7.   The Introduction merely summarizes the exegesis, and the Appendix, a formal presentation of the theory of false and true sentences attributed to Plato, makes for difficult reading for non-logicians.

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S. Kroll, C. Gruber, U. Hellwag, M. Roaf, P. Zimansky (ed.), Biainili-Urartu: the proceedings of the symposium held in Munich 12-14 October 2007 / Tagungsbericht des Münchner Symposiums 12.-14. Oktober 2007. Acta Iranica, 51. Leuven: Peeters, 2012. Pp. viii, 528. ISBN 9789042924383. €125.00.

Reviewed by Gary Beckman, University of Michigan (sidd@umich.edu)

Version at BMCR home site

Table of Contents

Of all the civilizations of the ancient Near East, perhaps the most poorly known today is the culture and state established by the people we call Urartians, who challenged the Assyrians for hegemony over northern Mesopotamia and Syria from the ninth through the seventh centuries BCE. Although the sites of some of their settlements were among the first pre- Classical ruins visited by Western travelers in the early days of Assyriology, the study of the Urartians, their archaeology, language, and history has by no means kept pace with research on the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Hittites. This regrettable situation can be attributed to a number of factors, including the distribution of Urartian sites over the territory of several modern nations—Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Armenia—and until recently the limited intelligibility of inscriptions in the Urartian language.

The hefty volume under review contains thirty essays (thirteen in German, the remainder in English) on Urartian history and archaeology, most of them originally delivered at a conference held in Munich in October 2007, plus a thorough introduction by the editors outlining the history and basic parameters of Urartian studies, and an afterward by Stefan Kroll, Michael Roaf, and Paul Zimansky, "The Future of Urartu's Past." The majority of experts on all things Urartian are represented here, several by more than one contribution. The book's combined bibliography is exhaustive and constitutes an invaluable resource for scholars investigating any aspect of Urartian history or language. Included are also numerous useful maps and excellent photographs, including eight color plates, depicting sites, architecture, and artifacts.

"Urartu" and "Urartian" are terms drawn from Assyrian inscriptions; we do not know how these people referred to themselves, although the native word "Biainili" seems to have designated at least part of their territory (Introduction, p. 3). Similarly, as Zimansky ("Urartu as Empire," p. 103) reminds us, the name of the language of Urartu has been lost. Happily, due in part to the discovery of an Assyrian-Urartian bilingual stele at Kelishin (Introduction, p. 14), over the past decade or so, significant progress has been made in the recovery of this ancient tongue, a cousin of the Hurrian spoken earlier in Syria and Anatolia. In his contribution ("Das Corpus der urartäischen Inschriften"), Mirio Salvini reports on his project to publish a complete edition of all Urartian texts, the first three volumes of which have since appeared. ¹

Access to this difficult material was furthered by the circumstance that the Urartians borrowed the Mesopotamian cuneiform writing system from their Assyrian rivals, thus sparing scholars the tedious task of deciphering a new script. Indeed, the earliest texts produced on behalf of the Urartian monarchs were composed in the Akkadian (Assyrian) language, as an intermediate stage between illiteracy and the full adaptation of cuneiform to local needs. All in all, we have recovered several hundred native cuneiform texts, the majority written in stone on stelae or rock walls, as well as a couple dozen clay tablets (Introduction, pp. 7-8). Interestingly, there are significant differences between the language employed on stone and that found on the tablets (Salvini, p. 114). The Urartians also employed a scantily attested hieroglyphic script, which was apparently derived from that developed for Luwian under the earlier Hittite empire (Salvini, p. 126).

We are fortunate that even this much documentation has survived the ravages of time and man. An early explorer, Pastor Faber, dynamited the rock inscription at Taştepe in order to transport the fragments back to Britain (Salvini, p. 125), while the stele newly discovered at Savacık was blown up by treasure hunters just prior to the convening of the Munich conference. In the mind of many Anatolian peasants, unfortunately, there lurks the suspicion: "Altın var," or "There must be gold in there!"

As Charles Burney ("The Economy of Urartu") argues from the Urartian texts, the state's economy was based primarily on stockbreeding (p. 55) and secondarily on agriculture, particularly featuring viticulture in terraced vineyards (p. 58). In support of the latter activity, the Urartians excelled in the exploitation of water resources, constructing impressive dams and canals, including the one built by King Menua, whose remains may still be viewed near the Turkish city of Van.

Politically, Urartu was ruled by a small, linguistically homogeneous, elite resident in a series of fortresses scattered throughout their realm (Raffaele Biscione, "Urartian Fortifications in Iran," p. 77). The general population was made up of peasants of disparate ethnic background, often uprooted from their native locations and resettled elsewhere within Urartian territory. This practice of mass deportation was seemingly first used by the Hittites of the second millennium in order to allocate labor to the advantage of the state and not incidentally in order to disorient and break the resistance of conquered communities. It would be employed most extensively by the Assyrians.

Aside from a single mention of "Uruarṭri" (of uncertain significance) in an Assyrian record of the thirteenth century BCE, the recorded history of Urartu begins with its appearance in an inscription of Shalmaneser III (858-824; see Stephan Kroll, "Salmaneser III. und das frühe Urartu")² and the depiction of its soldiers in the relief bands on his Balawat Gates.³ Its demise is now generally dated to around 640, and its final ruler recognized to be Rusa, son of Argišti (see Stephan Kroll, "Rusa Erimena in archäologischem Kontext").⁴ During the two centuries separating these dates, Urartu and Assyria were usually at war (see Andreas Fuchs, "Urartu in der Zeit"), although, as we shall see, this did not prevent the exchange of cultural capital. ṣṢ Indeed, the state god Haldi, a warrior figure,⁵ seems to have been modeled on the chief deity of the Assyrians, Assur (Biscone, p. 105). He was joined in the pantheon by innumerable lesser divinities, most of whom enjoyed strictly localized cults. Throughout the empire, Urartian temples display nearly identical plans (see Altan Çılıngıroğlu, "Urartian Temples," p. 298), organized around a square thick-walled tower within a peristyle courtyard.

The location most sacred to Urartian kings was Muṣaṣir (also referred to as Ardini, "The City"), hometown of Haldi (see Karen Radner, "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Muṣaṣir, Kumme, Ukku and Šubria—the Buffer States between Assyria and Urartu," p. 245). Remarkably, this religious capital was not located within the frontiers of Urartu itself, but lay just outside them, a quasi-independent polity under its own monarch.⁶ Nonetheless, its capture and sacking by Sargon II of Assyria (714 BCE) reportedly so disturbed his Urartian contemporary Ursa/Rusa III that he threw down his crown in despair upon learning of the city's fall (Radner, p. 254).⁷

Since Assyria was the closest flourishing representative of Mesopotamian-derived high culture, it is not surprising that Urartian civilization underwent heavy Assyrian influence.⁸ As mentioned earlier, the cuneiform script passed from Assyria to Urartu, as did elements of military technology and styles in protective clothing (see Christian Piller, "Bewaffnung und Tracht urartäischer und nordwestiranischer Krieger des 9. Jahrhunderts v. Chr"), as well as the decorative technique of wall painting (see Astrid Nunn, "Wandmalerei in Urartu"). On the other hand, from the mid- eighth century on, Assyrian horse trappings—known primarily from their depiction in palace reliefs—came to resemble those excavated in Urartu (see John Curtis, "Assyrian and Urartian Metalwork: Independence or Interdependence," p. 440), and some carved ivory furniture inlay pieces found at the Assyrian capital Nimrud/Calah had probably been imported from Urartu (see Georgina Herrmann, "Some Assyrianizing Ivories found at Nimrud: Could They Be Urartian?").

Given that much of what was once Urartu now lies within the borders of Armenia, a lively debate has long raged over the possible identity of the two cultures. In this collection, Felix Ter-Martirosov ( "From the State of Urartu to the Formation of the Armenian Kingdom") argues that the Armenian language unified the deracinated peoples gathered under the Urartian yoke, and that Armenia subsequently arose out of the ashes of Urartu. But absent any real evidence,⁹ this is nothing but special pleading. The author himself grants the many differences between the archaeological assemblages of Urartu and early Armenia (p. 175), a point underscored by Pavel Avetisyan and Arsen Bobokhyan ("The Pottery Traditions in Armenia from the Eighth to the Seventh Centuries BC"). We simply still do not know how, whence, or when the Indo-European Armenians arrived in their historic homeland (Introduction, p. 21). But of course the most familiar legacy of Urartu to participants in western culture is its reconfigured name (Mount) Ararat, the designation of the peak where tradition has it that Noah's ark came to rest following the ebbing of the waters of the Great Flood. Peter Marinković ("Urartu in der Bibel") here elucidates the handful of occurrences of this toponym in the Hebrew Bible.

Additional interesting miscellaneous articles in this compilation include those of Esther Findling and Barbara Muhle on the technology of archery in Urartu and Assyria ("Bogen und Pfeil: Ihr Einsatz im frühen 1.Jt. Chr. in Urartu und seinem Nachbarland Assyrien"), of Amei Lang on the early development of "animal art" on the plains of Central Asia ("Urartu und die Nomaden: Zur Adaption altorientalischer Motive im reiternomadischen Kunsthandwerk des 7.-5. Jh. v. Chr. in Eurasien"), and of Susanne Greiff, Zahra Hezarkhani, Dietrich Ankner, and Michael Müller-Karpe on the first steps in the production of brass in the Near East ("Frühes Messing? Zur Verwendung von Zink in urartäischen Kupferlegierungen").

This volume has been well edited and displays rather few typographical errors for a production of such complexity. ¹⁰ It deserves a place in every research collection on Western Asian archaeology. ​

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Notes:

1.   Corpus dei testi Urartei (Rome, 2008- ).
2.   At just about this time a new Urartian dynasty founded by Sarduri I seems to have shifted the center of gravity of their domain to the north, transferring their capital from Arzaškun somewhere near Lake Urmia to Tušpa (today's Van Kalesi) on the eastern shore of Lake Van. This move may well have come about in response to Assyrian pressure upon their original homeland, which was located much nearer the Assyrian centers.
3.   See Andreas Schachner, Bilder eines Weltreichs : Kunst- und kulturgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zu den Verzierungen eines Tores aus Balawat (Imgur-Enlil) aus der Zeit von Salmanassar III, König von Assyrien (Turnhout, 2007).
4.   Because Urartian monarchs shared a limited number of personal names (see Ursula Seidl, "Rusa Son of Erimena, Rusa Son of Argišti and Rusahinili/Toprakkale," and Michael Roaf, "Could Rusa Son of Erimena Have Been King of Urartu during Sargon's Eighth Campaign?") and no native system of time reckoning is apparent in their records, reconstruction of the chronology of Urartu is dependent upon synchronisms with the incomparably better documented kings of Assyria. For a useful chart of these links, see p. 133 (Salvini).
5.   The primary symbol of Haldi was a spear or spear-point (see Michael Roaf, "Towers with Plants or Spears on Altars: Some Thoughts on an Urartian Motif"), while his temples were decorated with votive shields and filled with weapons dedicated by his worshippers (see contribution by Çılıngıroğlu).
6.   Muṣaṣir has not yet been located, but it was probably situated not too far to the southwest of Lake Urmia, perhaps in the plain of Sidikan in northeasternmost Iraq (Radner, pp. 250-51).
7.   Karen Radner (p. 253) aptly compares the importance of Muṣaṣir for Urartu with that of Rome for the Holy Roman Empire.
8.   There is even some evidence that Assyrian artisans were at work in Urartu.
9.   The phonetic resemblance of the name of Armenia to Erimena, patronym of one of the Rusas (Ter-Martirosov, p. 172 n.6), is a slender reed.
10.   Sadly, one cannot blame "edifice complex" (p. 40) on the compositor, but on the author, Adam Smith ("The Prehistory of an Urartian Landscape"). ​

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Books Received December 2012.

Version at BMCR home site

The current list contains all books available this month (only those with an asterisk are available; those that appear without asterisks are already assigned to reviewers). Qualified volunteers should indicate their interest by sending a message to classrev@brynmawr.edu, with their last name and requested author in the subject line. They should state their qualifications (e.g. publication or dissertation on the topic) and explain any previous relationship with the author. Volunteers are expected to have received their PhDs. Graduate students writing theses will be considered on the condition that they provide the name of a supervisor who has agreed in advance to read and vet the review, and that the review is approved by the supervisor before submission.

The list of books available for review is sent out by e-mail on or near the first of the following month. This page will not be updated to indicate that books have been assigned. Please consult the updated list of books available for review at http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/booksavailable.html. *Botley, Paul and Dirk van Miert (edd.). The correspondence of Joseph Justus Scaliger (8 vols.). Travaux d'humanisme et Renaissance, 507/1-8. Genève: Librairie Droz, 2012. 5,000 p. $528.00. ISBN 9782600015523.

*Bradley, Richard. The idea of order: the circular archetype in prehistoric Europe. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. xv, 242 p. $110.00. ISBN 9780199608096.

*Bretin-Chabrol, Marine. L'arbre et la lignée: métaphores végétales de la filiation et de l'alliance en latin classique. Horos. Grenoble: Éditions Jérôme Millon, 2012. 466 p. € 34.00 (pb). ISBN 9782841372850.

*Calame, Claude and Bruce Lincoln (edd.). Comparer en histoire des religions antiques: controverses et propositions. Collection Religions, 1. Liège: Presses Universitaires de Liège, 2012. 146 p. € 20.00 (pb). ISBN 9782875620088.

*Cassin, Matthieu. L'écriture de la controverse chez Grégoire de Nysse: polémique littéraire et exégèse dans le Contre Eunome. Collection des études augustiniennes. Série Antiquité, 193. Paris: Institut d'Études Augustiniennes, 2012. 430 p. € 36.00 (pb). ISBN 9782851212559.

*Catenacci, Carmine. Il tiranno e l'eroe: storia e mito nella Grecia antica. Lingue e letterature Carocci, 145. Roma: Carocci editore, 2012. 239 p. € 24.00 (pb). ISBN 9788843066476.

*Dalfen, Joachim. Parmenides - Protagoras - Platon - Marc Aurel: kleine Schriften zur griechischen Philosophie, Politik, Religion und Wissenschaft. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012. 556 p. € 79.00. ISBN 9783515102117.

*Dentice di Accadia Ammone, Stefano. Omero e i suoi oratori: tecniche di persuasione nell'Iliade. Beiträge zur Altertumskunde, Bd 302. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. X, 340 p. $154.00. ISBN 9783110287646.

*Didier, Béatrice, Jacques Neefs and Stéphane Rolet (edd.). Composer, rassembler, penser les "oeuvres complètes". Manuscrits modernes. Saint-Denis: Presses Universitaires de Vincennes, 2012. 404 p. € 28.00 (pb). ISBN 9782842923570.

Dräger, Paul (ed. trans., comm.). Decimus Magnus Ausonius. Sämtliche Werke, Bandd 1: (Auto-)biographische Werke / Decimi Magni Ausonii Opera omnia, Tomus I: Opera ad vitam eius pertinentia. Trier: Kliomedia, 2012. 845 p. € 76.00. ISBN 9783898901765.

**English, Stephen. Mercenaries in the classical world: to the death of Alexander. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military, 2012. 212 p. £ 19.99. ISBN 9781848843301.

*Eschbach, Norbert. Deutschland: Göttingen, Archäologisches Institut der Universität, Bd. 4: Attisch rotfigurige Keramik. Corpus vasorum aniquorum. Deutschland, Bd 92: Göttingen, Bd 4. München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2012. 159 p.,  30 p. of figures, 67 p. of plates. € 98.00. ISBN 9783406635953.

*Friedland, Elise A. The Roman marble sculptures from the Sanctuary of Pan at Caesarea Philippi/Panias (Israel) . American Schools of Oriental Research archeological reports, 17. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2012. xiii, 186 p. $89.95. ISBN 9780897570879.

*Gibson, A. G. G. (ed.). The Julio-Claudian succession : reality and perception of the "Augustan model". Mnemosyne supplements. History and archaeology of classical antiquity, 349. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013. 179 p. $125.00. ISBN 9789004231917.

*Grossardt, Peter. Stesichoros zwischen kultischer Praxis, mythischer Tradition und eigenem Kunstanspruch: zur Behandlung des Helenamythos im Werk des Dichters aus Himera. Leipziger Studien zur klassischen Philologie, 9. Tübingen: Narr Verlag, 2012. 196 p. € 58.00 (pb). ISBN 9783823367673.

*Hallote, Rachel S., Felicity Cobbing and Jeffrey B. Spurr. The photographs of the American Palestine Exploration Society. The annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 66. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2012. xix, 352 p. $89.95. ISBN 9780897570985.

*Harrill, J. Albert. Paul the Apostle: his life and legacy in their Roman context. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. xv, 207 p. $24.99 (pb). ISBN 9780521757805.

*Hodges, Richard. Dark Age economics: a new audit. Duckworth debates in archaeology. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2012. xiv, 160 p. $32.95 (pb). ISBN 9780715636794.

*Holt, Frank L. Lost world of the golden king: in search of ancient Afghanistan. Hellenistic culture and society, 53. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press, 2012. xxi, 343 p. $39.95. ISBN 9780520273429.

*Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald (ed.). The Oxford handbook of late antiquity. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. xli, 1247 p. $175.00. ISBN 9780195336931.

*Kalfas, Vassilis (ed., trans., comm.). Αριστοτέλης, Περί γενέσεως και φθοράς. Αριστοτέλης Έργα, 7. Athens: Νήσος, 2011. 237 p. € 25.00 (pb). ISBN 9789609535076.

*Kupreeva, Inna (trans., comm.). Philoponus: On Aristotle Meteorology 1.4-9, 12. Ancient commentators on Aristotle. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2012. 198 p. $90.00. ISBN 9780715636756.

*MacDonald, Burton, Larry G. Herr, D. Scott Quantance, Geoffrey A. Clark and Michael C. A. Macdonald. The Ayl to Ras an-Naqab Archaeological Survey, Southern Jordan 2005-2007 (2 vols.). American Schools of Oriental Research archeological reports, 16. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2012. xvi, 534 p. $149.95. ISBN 9780897570855.

*Macé, Arnaud (ed.). Choses privées et choses publiques en Grèce ancienne: genèse et structure d'un système de classification. Horos. Grenoble: Éditions Jérôme Millon, 2012. 352 p. € 35.00 (pb). ISBN 9782841372690.

*Madigan, Brian. The ceremonial sculptures of the Roman gods. Monumenta Graeca et Romana, 20. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. xxviii, 120 p. $153.00. ISBN 9789004227231.

*Markantonatos, Andreas (ed.). Brill's companion to Sophocles. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. xxii, 737 p. $247.00. ISBN 9789004184923.

*Meier-Brügger, Michael (ed.). Homer, gedeutet durch ein groβes Lexikon. Akten des Hamburger Kolloquiums vom 6. - 8. Oktober 2010 zum Abschluss des Lexikons des frühgriechischen Epos. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Neue Folge, Bd 21. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012. xvi, 377 p. $168.00. ISBN 9783110285185.

*Montiglio, Silvia. Love and providence: recognition in the ancient novel. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. ix, 256 p. $74.00. ISBN 9780199916047.

**Müller, Roman. Antike Dichtungslehre: Themen und Theorien. Tübingen: Francke Verlag, 2012. 270 p. € 58.00 (pb). ISBN 9783772084621.

**Neger, Margot. Martials Dichtergedichte: das Epigramm als Medium der poetischen Selbstreflexion. Classica Monacensia, Bd 44. Tübingen: Narr, 2012. x, 382 p. € 88.00 (pb). ISBN 9783823367598.

*Newlands, Carole E. Statius, poet between Rome and Naples. Classical literature and society. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2012. ix, 214 p. $12.99 (pb). ISBN 9781780932132.

*Patillon, Michel (ed., trans.). Corpus rhetoricum, Tome IV: Prolégomènes au De Ideis - Hermogène, Les catégories stylistiques du discours (De Ideis) - Synopse des exposés sur les Ideai. Collection des universités de France. Série grecque, 491. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2012. cxliv, 341 p. € 85.00 (pb). ISBN 9782251005751.

**Patzer, Andreas. Studia Socratica : zwölf Abhandlungen über den historischen Sokrates. Classica Monacensia, Bd 39. Tübingen: Narr Verlag, 2012. x, 370 p. € 88.00 (pb). ISBN 9783823365792.

**Pellucchi, Tiziana (ed., comm.). Commento al libro VIII delle Argonautiche di Valerio Flacco. Spudasmata, 146. Hildesheim; Zürich; New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 2012. lviii, 502 p. € 78.00. ISBN 9783487148663.

**Porter, George. Black Antigone: Sophocles' tragedy meets the heartbeat of Africa. Gosport: Chaplin Books, 2012. 1 online resource (85 p.). £ 5.99. ISBN 9781909183087.

*Roecklein, Robert J. Machiavelli and Epicureanism: an investigation into the origins of early modern political thought. Lanham; Boulder; New York; Toronto; Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2012. xi, 213 p. $70.00. ISBN 9780739177105.

*Roig Lanzillotta, Lautaro and Israel Muñoz Gallarte (edd.). Plutarch in the religious and philosophical discourse of late antiquity. Studies in Platonism, Neoplatonism, and the Platonic tradition, 14. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. xiii, 304 p. $149.00. ISBN 9789004234741.

*Romeo, Alessandra. Orfeo in Ovidio: la creazione di un nuovo epos. Studi di filologia antica e moderna, 25. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2012. 195 p. € 19.80 (pb). ISBN 9788849834260.

*Rutishauser, Brian. Athens and the Cyclades: economic strategies 540-314 BC. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. xii, 304 p. $125.00. ISBN 9780199646357.

*Saffrey, Henri Dominique and Alain-Philippe Segonds (edd., trans., comm.). Porphyre: Lettre à Anébon l'Égyptien. Collection des universités de France. Serie grecque, 492. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2012. cxix, 92 p. € 35.00 (pb). ISBN 9782251005768.

*Santana Henríquez, Germán. Literatura y Cine. Madrid: Ediciones Clásicas, 2012. 345 p. (pb). ISBN 9788478827565.

**Simón, Francisco Marco, Francisco Pina Polo and José Remesal Rodríguez (edd.). Vae Victis! Perdedores en el mundo antiguo. Col.lecció Instrumenta, 14. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. 296 p. € 32.00. ISBN 9788447536511.

*Stern, Sacha. Calendars in antiquity: empires, states, and societies. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. vi, 457 p. $185.00. ISBN 9780199589449.

**Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. Black Sea, Paphlagonia, Pontus and Phrygia in antiquity: aspects of archaeology and ancient history. BAR international series S2432, 2012. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2012. xvi, 356 p. £ 52.00. ISBN 9781407310312.

*Ware, Catherine. Claudian and the Roman epic tradition. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. ix, 266 p. $99.00. ISBN 9781107013438.

*Worthington, Ian. Demosthenes of Athens and the fall of classical Greece. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. xxiv, 382 p. $35.00. ISBN 9780199931958.

Wypustek, Andrzej. Images of eternal beauty in funerary verse inscriptions of the Hellenistic and Greco-Roman periods. Mnemosyne supplements. Monographs on Greek and Latin language and literature, 352. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013. xii, 245 p. $133.00. ISBN 9789004233188.

Still Available

*Bona, Edoardo, Carlos Lévy and Giuseppina Magnaldi (edd.). Vestigia notitiai: scritti in memoria di Michelangelo Giusta. Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso, 2012. xii, 549 p. € 70.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862743532.

*Braccini, Tommaso. La fata dai piedi di mula: licantropi, streghe e vampiri nell'Oriente greco. Milano: EncycloMedia Publishers, 2012. 127 p. € 12.00 (pb). ISBN 978887514336.

*Braund, Susanna and Josiah Osgood (edd.). A companion to Persius and Juvenal. Blackwell companions to the ancient world. Malden, MA; Oxford; Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. xv, 612 p. $195.00. ISBN 9781405199650.

*Brisson, Luc (ed.). Platon. Oeuvres completes (nouvelle édition revue; first published 2008). Paris: Éditions Flammarion, 2011. xxi, 2198 p. € 39.00 (pb). ISBN 9782081249370.

*Causey, Faya. Ancient carved ambers in the J. Paul Getty Museum. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2012. Online publication. Free. ISBN 9781606060513.

**Clauss, Manfred. Mithras: Kult und Mysterium. Darmstadt: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2012. 192 p., 16 p. of plates. € 29.99. ISBN 9783805345811.

*Curta, Florin. The Edinburgh history of the Greeks, c. 500 to 1050: the early Middle Ages. The Edinburgh history of the Greeks. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011. vii, 365 p. $135.00. ISBN 9780748638093.

*Dészpa, Mihály Loránd. Peripherie-Denken: Transformation und Adaption des Gottes Silvanus in den Donauprovinzen (1.-4. Jahrhundert n. Chr.). Potsdamer Altertumswissenschaftliche Beiträge, Bd 35. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2011. x, 312 p., 13 p. of plates. € 62.00 (pb). ISBN 9783515099455.

*Echeñique, Javier. Aristotle's Ethics and moral responsibility. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. viii, 209 p. $95.00. ISBN 9781107021587.

*Fantazzi, Charles (trans.). Michael Marullus: Poems. The I Tatti Renaissance library, 54. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2012. xx, 475 p. $29.95. ISBN 9780674055063.

*Giardina, Giovanna R. Fisica del movimento e teoria dell'infinito: analisi critica di Aristotele, Phys. III. Symbolon. 40. Sankt Augustin: Academia Verlag, 2012. 329 p. € 32.50 (pb). ISBN 9783896655813.

*Gigante, Marcello. L'edera di Leonida. Saggi Bibliopolis, 108. Napoli: Bibliopolis, 2011. 177 p., [8] p. of plates. € 25.00 (pb). ISBN 9788870885910.

*Iozzo, Mario. La Collezione Astarita nel Museo gregoriano etrusco, Parte I, 1: ceramica greca a figure nere di produzione non attica. Città del Vaticano: Edizioni Musei Vaticana, 2012. 101 p., xxxvi p. of plates. € 38.00 (pb). ISBN 9788882712556.

*Irvine, Susan and Malcolm R. Godden (edd., trans.). The Old English Boethius: with verse prologues and epilogues associated with King Alfred. Dumbarton Oaks medieval library, 19. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2012. xxiv, 451 p. $29.95. ISBN 9780674055582.

*Kaldellis, Anthony and Dimitris Krallis (trans.). Michael Attaleiates: The History. Dumbarton Oaks medieval library, 16. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2012. xx, 636 p. $29.95. ISBN 9780674057999.

*Kinney, Angela M. (ed.). The Vulgate Bible: Douay-Rheims translation. Volume V: The minor prophetical books and Maccabees. Dumbarton Oaks medieval library, 17. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2012. xxxvii, 631 p. $29.95. ISBN 9780674066359.

*La Torraca, Umberto. Lo studio del greco a Napoli nel Settecento. Pubblicazioni del Dipartimento di Filologia Classica F. Arnaldi dell'Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, n.s. 2. Napoli: Giannini Editore, 2012. 277 p. (pb). ISBN 9788874316045.

*Maier, Felix K. "Überall mit dem Unerwarteten rechnen": die Kontingenz historischer Prozesse bei Polybios. Vestigia, Bd 65. München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2012. viii, 373 p. € 70.00. ISBN 9783406641718.

*Morelli, Alfredo Mario (ed.). Lepos e mores: una giornato su Catullo. Atti del convegno internazionale, Cassino, 27 maggio 2010. Collana di studi umanistici, 2. Cassino: Edizioni Universita* di Cassino, 2012. 286 p. € 27.00 (pb). ISBN 9788883170652.

*Müller, Adelheid. Sehnsucht nach Wissen: Friederike Brun, Elisa von der Recke und die Altertumskunde um 1800. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 2012. xii, 615 p. € 99.00. ISBN 9783496014713.

*Müller, Klaus. Die Ehrenbögen in Pompeji. Studien zur antiken Stadt, Bd 10. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2011. 140 p. € 59.00. ISBN 9783895008177.

*Papantoniou, Giorgos. Religion and social transformations in Cyprus: from the Cypriot basileis to the Hellenistic strategos. Mnemosyne supplements. History and archaeology of classical antiquity, 347. Leiden; Boston, 2012. xxiii, 604 p. $226.00. ISBN 9789004224353.

*Paton, W. R., F. W. Walbank, Christian Habicht and S. Douglas Olson (trans.; rev.; ed., trans.). Polybius: The histories. Volume VI, Books 28-39 (revised edition); Unattributed fragments. Loeb classical library, 161. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2012. vii, 619 p. $24.00. ISBN 9780674996618.

*Pearson, Giles. Aristotle on desire. Cambridge classical studies. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. ix, 276 p. $99.00. ISBN 9781107023918.

*Potter, Paul (ed., trans.). Hippocrates, Volume X. Loeb classical library, 520. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2012. xxii, 432 p. $24.00. ISBN 9780674996830.

*Sansone, David. Greek drama and the invention of rhetoric. Malden, MA; Oxford; Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. xi, 258 p. $99.95. ISBN 9781118357088.

*Scheuble-Reiter, Sandra. Die Katökenreiter im ptolemäischen Ägypten. Vestigia, Bd 64. München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2012. xii, 428 p. € 70.00. ISBN 9783406641350.

**Simon, Erika (ed., comm.). Ausgewählte Schriften, Bd IV. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2012. 231 p. € 68.00. ISBN 9783447067584.

*Sluiter, Ineke and Ralph M. Rosen (edd.). Aesthetic value in classical antiquity. Mnemosyne supplements. Monographs on Greek and Latin language and literature, 350. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. viii, 486 p. $221.00. ISBN 9789004231672.

**Steingräber, Stephan (ed.). Tarquinia: Stadt und Umland von den Etruskern bis heute. Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie. Darmstadt: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2012. 144 p. € 29.99. ISBN 9783805344616.

*Zilioli, Ugo. The Cyrenaics. Durham: Acumen, 2012. xiii, 224 p. $75.00. ISBN 9781844652907.

*Achilli, Ilenia. Il Proemio del Libro 20 della Biblioteca Storica di Diodoro Siculo. Koinos logos, 5. Lanciano: Casa Editrice Rocco Carabba, 2012. 166 p. € 22.00 (pb). ISBN 9788863442403.

*Baltrusch, Ernst. Herodes: König im Heiligen Land. Eine Biographie. München: C. H. Beck, 2012. 448 p. € 26.95. ISBN 9783406637384.

*Belozerskaya, Marina. Medusa's gaze: the extraordinary journey of the Tazza Farnese. Emblems of antiquity. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. xvii, 292 p. $24.95. ISBN 9780199739318.

*Buchan, Mark. Perfidy and passion: reintroducing the Iliad. Wisconsin studies in classics. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2012. xiv, 196 p. $19.95 (pb). ISBN 9780299286347.

*Cardinali, Giacomo and Pierre Laurens (ed., comm.; trans.). Marc-Antoine de Muret. Jules César / Iulius Caesar. Les Classiques de l'Humanisme. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2012. cccxlv, 219 p. € 75.00 (pb). ISBN 9782251801261.

*Cavaliere, Barbara and Jennifer Udell (edd.). Ancient Mediterranean art: the William D. and Jane Walsh Collection at Fordham University. New York: Fordham University Press, 2012. 343 p. $75.00. ISBN 9780823244522.

*Etcheto, Henri. Les Scipions: famille et pouvoir à Rome à l'époque républicaine. Scripta antiqua, 45. Bordeaux: Ausonius Éditions, 2012. 475 p. € 25.00 (pb). ISBN 9782356130730.

*Fritzílas, Stamatis A. Χθόνια γοργόνα: ο μύθος στην ελληνική κεραμική. Tripole: Εκδόσεις Φύλλα, 2010. 111 p. € 10.65 (pb). ISBN 9789608462625.

*Fussi, Alessandra. La città nell'anima: Leo Strauss lettore di Platone e Senofonte. Philosophica, 97. Pisa: Edizioni ETS, 2011. 318 p. € 25.00 (pb). ISBN 9788846727244.

*Gauer, Werner. Der Zorn des Zeus: und die klassische Kunst  der Griechen. Einladung zu einer Griechenlandreise. Verlag Franz Philipp RutzenMainz; Ruhpolding, 2012. 208 p. € 29.80. ISBN 9783447067416.

*Giovacchini, Julie. L'Empirisme d'Épicure. Les Anciens et les Modernes - études de philosophie, 11. Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2012. 228 p. € 29.00 (pb). ISBN 9782812405044.

*Goukowsky, Paul (ed., trans., comm.). Diodore de Sicile: Bibliothèque historique. Fragments, Tome 3: Livres XXVII-XXXII. Collection des universités de France, série grecque 489. Le Kremlin Bicetre: Editions Belles Lettres, 2012. 284 p. € 75.00 (pb). ISBN 9782251005737.

*Helmer, Étienne. La part du bronze: Platon et l'économie. Tradition de la pensée classique. Paris: Librairie philosophique J. Vrin, 2010. 320 p. € 32.00 (pb). ISBN 9782711622634.

*Hostein, Antony. La cité et l'Empereur: les Éduens dans l'Empire romain d'après les Panégyriques latins. Histoire ancienne et médiévale, 117. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2012. 543 p. € 35.00 (pb). ISBN 9782859447120.

*Kamtekar, Rachana (ed.). Virtue and happiness: essays in honour of Julia Annas. Oxford studies in ancient philosophy. Supplementary volume, 2012. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. x, 354 p. $40.00 (pb). ISBN 9780199646050.

*Lamberz, Erich (ed.). Concilium universale nicaenum secundum: concilii actiones IV-V. Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum. Series secunda, 3, pars 2. Berolini: Walter De Gruyter, 2012. xxxv, [318] p. $335.00 (pb). ISBN 9783110272741.

*Landucci Gattinoni, Franca. Filippo re dei Macedoni. Introduzioni. Storia. Bologna: Il mulino, 2012. 180 p. € 14.00 (pb). ISBN 9788815237170.

*Lozano-Vásquez, Anrea (ed.). Platón y la irracionalidad. Bogota: Universidad de Los Andes, Facultad de Artes y Humanidades, Departamento de Humanidades y Literatura; Ediciones Uniandes, 2012. 256 p. $45.00 (pb). ISBN 9789586958301.

*Mariotta, Giuseppe and Adalberto Magnelli (ed., comm.). Diodoro Siculo. Biblioteca storica, Libro IV: commento storico. Storia : Ricerche. Milano: V and P Vita e Pensiero, 2012. xiv, 396 p. € 30.00 (pb). ISBN 9788834315767.

*Martin, Marco. Posidonio d'Apamea e i Celti: un viaggiatore greco in Gallia prima di Cesare. A10, 772. Roma: Aracne editrice, 2012. 504 p. € 30.00 (pb). ISBN 9788854843134.

*Pagliara, Alessandro. Retorica, filosofia e politica in Giuliano Cesare. Hellenica, 42. Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso, 2012. viii, 168 p. € 18.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862743778.

*Perrelli, Raffaele and Paolo Mastandrea. Latinum est, et legitur: metodi e temi dello studio dei testi latini. Supplementi di Lexis, 65. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 2011. 402 p. € 80.00 (pb). ISBN 9789025612757.

*Pinto, John A. Speaking ruins: Piranesi, architects and antiquity in eighteenth-century Rome. Thomas Spencer Jerome lectures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012. xxiii, 304 p. $65.00. ISBN 9780472118212.

*Rieche, Anita. Von Rom nach Las Vegas: Rekonstruktionen antiker römischer Architektur 1800 bis heute. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 2012. 239 p. € 29.95 (pb). ISBN 9783496014577.

*Rollinger, Robert, Gundula Schwinghammer, Brigitte Truschnegg and Kordula Schnegg (edd.). Altertum und Gegenwart: 125 Jahre Alte Geschichte in Innsbruck. Vorträge der Ringvorlesung Innsbruck 2010. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Neue Folge, Bd 4. Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, 2012. 393 p. € 56.00. ISBN 9783851242200.

**Rosenberger, Veit. Religion in der Antike. Geschichte kompakt. Darmstadt: WBG (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 2012. 144 S. € 14.90. ISBN 9783534238262.

*Svarlien, John (trans.). Horace: Satires (introduction and notes by David Mankin). Indianapolis; Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 2012. xxxvi, 198 p. $14.95 (pb). ISBN 9781603848442.

**Zgoll, Christian. Römische Prosodie und Metrik: ein Studienbuch mit Audiodateien. Darmstadt: WBG (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 2012. 215 p.; MP3-Dateien. € 39.90. ISBN 9783236886.

**Andreae, Bernard. Römische Kunst: von Augustus bis Constantin. Darmstadt: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2012. 256 p. € 79.00. ISBN 9783805341912.

*Ash, Rhiannon (ed.). Tacitus. Oxford readings in classical studies. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. xi, 475 p. $75.00 (pb). ISBN 9780199285099.

*Bazou, Athina D. (ed.). Γαληνού Ότι ταις του σώματος κράσεσιν αι της ψυχής δυνάμεις έπονται. Ελληνική βιβλιοθήκη. Athens: Ακαδημία Αθηνών, 2011. xi, 134 p. € 15.00. ISBN 9789604041367.

Beeley, Christopher A. The unity of Christ: continuity and conflict in patristic tradition. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2012. xii, 391 p. $50.00. ISBN 9780300178623.

*Bernardakis, Panagiotes D. and Henricus Gerardus Ingenkamp (edd.). Plutarchi Chaeronensis Moralia, recognovit Gregorius N. Bernardakis. Editionem Maiorem (4 vols.) . Athens: Academy of Athens, 2011. [46], 421 p.; [16], 557 p.; [44], 585 p.; [15], 473 p. ISBN 9789604041275.

*Bouchet, René (ed.). Satires et parodies du Moyen Age grec. La roue à livres. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2012. 280 p. € 27.00 (pb). ISBN 9782251339665.

*Burns, Paul C. A model for the Christian life: Hilary of Poitiers' Commentary on the Psalms. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2012. xii, 254 p. $64.95. ISBN 9780813219875.

*Canellis, Aline (ed.). La correspondance d'Ambroise de Milan. Centre Jean Palerne. Mémoires, 33. Saint-Etienne: Publications de l'Université de Saint-Etienne, 2012. 536 p., vi p. of plates. € 35.00 (pb). ISBN 9782862725840.

*Caston, Victor (ed., trans., comm.). Alexander of Aphrodisias. On the soul, Part I: Soul as form of the body, parts of the soul, nourishment, and perception. Ancient commentators on Aristotle. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2012. viii, 248 p. $130.00. ISBN 9781780930244.

*Dillon, Matthew and Lynda Garland. The ancient Greeks: history and culture from archaic times to the death of Alexander. London; New York: Routledge, 2013. xxxiii, 656 p. $44.95 (pb). ISBN 9780415471435.

*Enenkel, Karl, Marc Laureys and Christoph Pieper (edd.). Discourses of power: ideology and politics in Neo-Latin literature. Noctes neolatinae / Neo-Latin texts and studies, Bd 17. Hildesheim; Zürich; New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 2012. xxxv, 338 p. € 49.80 (pb). ISBN 9783487148380.

*Fachard, Sylvian. La défense du territoire: étude de la chôra érétrienne et de ses fortifications. Eretria: fouilles et recerches, 21. Gollion: Ecole Suisse d'archéologie en Grèce, Infolio éditions, 2012. 358 p. € 80.00 (pb). ISBN 9782884744102.

*Guichard, Luis Arturo (ed., trans., comm.). Anacreónticas. Clásicos Linceo. Madrid: Ediciones Cátedra, 2012. 191 p. € 11.40 (pb). ISBN 9788437630366.

*Günther, Linda-Marie and Volker Grieb (edd.). Das imperiale Rom und der hellenistische Osten: Festschrift für Jurgen Deininger zum 75. Geburtstag. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012. 211 p. € 44.00. ISBN 9783515101691.

**Horstmanshoff, Manfred, Helen King and Claus Zittel (edd.). Blood, sweat, and tears: the changing concepts of physiology from antiquity into early modern Europe. Intersections, 25. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. xxvi, 772 p. $297.00. ISBN 9789004229181.

*Inwood, Brad (ed.). Oxford studies in ancient philosophy. Volume 42, summer 2012. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. 386 p. $45.00 (pb). ISBN 9780199644391.

*Isnardi Parente, Margherita and Tiziano Dorandi (edd., trans., comm.). Senocrate e Ermodoro: testimonianze e frammenti. Testi e commenti, 13. Pisa: Edizioni della Normale, 2012. xxii, 410 p. € 45.00. ISBN 9788876422089.

**Junker, Klaus and Sabrina Strohwald. Götter als Erfinder: die Entstehung der Kultur in der griechischen Kunst. Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie. Darmstadt: Verlag Philipp von Zabern 2012. 104 p. € 24.99. ISBN 9783805344791.

*Karila-Cohen, Karine and Florent Quellier (edd.). Le corps du gourmand: d'Héraclès à Alexandre le Bienheureux. Tables des hommes. Rennes; Tours: Presses universitaires de Rennes; Presses universitaires François-Rabelais de Tours, 2012. 350 p. € 20.00 (pb). ISBN 9782753520325.

**Kunnert, Ursula. Bürger unter sich: Phylen in den Städten des kaiserzeitlichen Ostens. Schweizerische Beiträge zur Altertumswissenschaft, 39. Basel: Schwabe Basel, 2012. 380 p. € 82.00. ISBN 9783796528842.

*Leigh, Fiona (ed.). The Eudemian ethics on the voluntary, friendship, and luck: the Sixth S.V. Keeling Colloquium in Ancient Philosophy. Philosophia antiqua, 132. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. xxix, 197 p. $144.00. ISBN 9789004225367.

*Maso, Stefano. Filosofia a Roma: dalla riflessione sui principi all'arte della vita. Studi superiori, 806. Roma: Carocci editore, 2012. 245 p. € 22.50 (pb). ISBN 9788843065318.

*Meister, Jan Bernhard. Der Körper des Princeps: zur Problematik eines monarchischen Körpers ohne Monarchie. Historia - Einzelschriften, Bd 223. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012. 327 p. € 64.00. ISBN 9783515100809.

*Suñol, Viviana. Más allá del arte: mimesis en Aristóteles. Colección filosofía. La Plata: Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Edulp), 2012. 240 p. $69.00 (pb). ISBN 9789503408315.

**Vogel-Ehrensperger, Verena. Die übelste aller Frauen?: Klytaimestra in Texten vom Homer bis Aischylos und Pindar. Schweizerische Beiträge zur Altertumswissenschaft, 38. Basel: Schwabe Basel, 2012. 492 p. € 82.00. ISBN 9783796528460.

*Vokaer, Agnès. La Brittle Ware en Syrie: production et diffusion d'une céramique culinaire de l'époque hellénistique à l'époque omeyyade. Fouilles d'Apamée de Syrie, n.s., 2. Collection des Mémoires de la Classe des Lettres in 4°, T. III. Bruxelles: Académie royale de Belgique, 2011. xiii, 196 p.; 144 p. of plates. ISBN 9782803102846.

*Betancourt, Philip P. The dams and water management systems of Minoan Pseira. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press, 2012. xvii, 91 p. $20.00 (pb). ISBN 9781931534666.

**Danek, Georg and Irmtraud Hellerschmid. Rituale: Identitätsstiftende Handlungskomplexe. 2. Tagung des Zentrums Archäologie und Altertumswissenschaften an der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2./3. November 2009. Denkschriften der philosophisch-historische Klasse, 437;Origines, 2. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2012. 247 p. € 61.00 (pb). ISBN 9783700171270.

**De Poli, Mattia. Monodie mimetiche e monodie diegetiche: i canti a solo di Euripide e la tradizione poetica greca. Drama, Neue Serie, Bd 10. Tübingen: Narr Verlag, 2012. 210 p. € 58.00. ISBN 9783823367260.

**Hauben, Hans. Studies on the Melitian schism in Egypt (AD 306-335) (edited by Peter van Nuffelen). Variorum collected studies series, CS1001. Farnham; Burlington, VT: Ashgate Variorum, 2012. 294 p. $154.95. ISBN 9781409439424.

*Lloyd, G. E. R. Being, humanity, and understanding: studies in ancient and modern societies. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. 136 p. $45.00. ISBN 9780199654727.

**Teatini, Alessandro. Repertorio dei sarcofagi decorati della Sardegna romana. Bibliotheca archaeologica, 48. Roma: L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2011. 478 p. € 300.00. ISBN 9788882656324.

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