Bryn Mawr Classical Review

Maria Serena Mirto, Death in the Greek World: from Homer to the Classical Age. (First published in Italian 2007; translated by A. M. Osborne). Oklahoma series in classical culture, 44. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012. Pp. x, 197. ISBN 9780806141879. $19.95 (pb).

Reviewed by Ellie Mackin, King's College London (ellie.mackin@kcl.ac.uk)

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Table of Contents

Maria Serena Mirto's Death in the Greek World achieves exactly what the author claims she has set out to accomplish. 'This book,' she says in the preface, 'offers a synthesis of people's relationships with death in the Greek world.' (p. ix) Very few scholarly works have attempted a complete reading of Greek death-related practice and belief, with the last such work probably Robert Garland's 1985 book The Greek Way of Death. Most studies of death focus on one aspect of such practices, or offer up case studies on various aspects of death-related ritual practice or belief. Mirto makes a worthy attempt to cover the full gamut of death experience from Homer's epics and into classical-era practices. Because of the broad scale of such a project (and, because of her aims, discussed below) those who already have more than a passing familiarity with archaic and classical death-related cultic practice, mythology and literature will more likely want to turn to a more in-depth study. However, anyone unfamiliar with the ways that the Greeks dealt with and viewed death will find this 'general guide' an extremely useful and thorough introduction – even in cases where such a person may already have a good grasp on Greek religious practices more generally.

The book is divided into five chapters, each of which discusses an aspect of death-related practice, belief, mythology or literature through division into sub-headings. The structure is clear and concise; each section follows logically on from the last. There are no footnotes throughout the book; Mirto rather uses in-text referencing for quotations and provides, at the end of the book, a guide to further reading for each chapter which highlights sources for the most important concepts dealt with in each chapter. This is followed by a larger, more complete bibliography. A short glossary of the most common useful terms is also provided (although words transliterated from Greek are also translated in the body of the text) making this a highly accessible study for those who have little knowledge of more technical religious terms, or of Greek in general. Quotations from original texts are provided only in translation, and all Greek terms are transliterated. The short introduction serves to 'set the scene' of Greek death by way of juxtaposition to modern views of death and mourning.

Chapter one is concerned primarily with beliefs about what happened following death. Mirto first examines the psyche, presenting a brief discussion on the (mostly Homeric) conceptualisation of what happens to the soul after death and the ability of the living to interact with the psyche. Mirto raises the important issue of the condition and treatment of the body for the soul's transition to the underworld, and briefly addresses the inherent contradiction found in 'popular belief' of the soul's permanent departure from the upperworld while still being available for the living to interact with. The next section deals with Hades – the place rather than the god – and again most of Mirto's primary evidence is taken from the Homeric epics. Her main point of emphasis is the division between the upper- and underworlds, briefly discussing underworld geography, katabasis stories, and – again – placing an emphasis on the importance of proper burial practices. This is followed by a brief section on Elysium, in which Mirto highlights that this was not a place for the dead, rather a place where 'some exceptional individuals escape death' (p. 20.) The final section in chapter one deals with underworld gods and guides into the underworld. The discussion here begins with Hades, his role in the kidnapping of Persephone and his duty as the lord of the dead (i.e. 'Hades is not considered a god who judges the dead for their actions while alive.' p. 22). She then chronicles the major psychopompic gods, Hermes and Charon, though briefly also mentions the role that Thanatos and Hypnos could play as 'journey facilitators.' This section relies less on Homeric evidence than previous sections in this chapter, using classical tragedy to highlight a possible shift in emphasis from the necessity of proper burial customs for the conveyance of the psyche into the underworld.

Chapter two, 'A Revolution of Hope', is concerned with more practical, cultic responses to death. Mirto begins by looking at major eschatological cults and beliefs: The Eleusinian Mysteries, Dionysian initiations, the Bacchic Gold Tablets and Orphic mysteries and Pythagorean eschatology. These discussion are framed by a brief introduction on the importance of memory to the deceased (particularly, as Mirto points out, in 'Orphic' eschatology), and the way in which mystery cults attempted to make death a familiar and domesticated thing. While none of these discussions present anything particularly new, they do give a coherent and accurate summation of where scholarship currently is, and point out some of the more critical scholarly disagreements. However, her discussion on the Orphic Gold Tablets could have been enhanced by engaging with R. G. Edmonds' 2011 book The "Orphic" Gold Tablets and Greek Religion: Further Along the Path: she mentions the book in her guide to further reading, but it was presumably published too late to have been more thoroughly utilised. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the body/soul opposition, again highlighting current scholarly opinions. This section, with 'From Pindar to Plato' included in the title, deals mainly with the latter and, somewhat confusingly given this timeline, Plutarch.

In chapter three we reach the discussion of funerary rites themselves. Mirto points out that death rituals remain incredibly stable and unchanged over time, whereas beliefs about the afterlife are inconsistent and change over time (Mirto here is following a long established, if slightly misguided, scholarly tradition) . Death rituals represent a long, slow transition from one status into the next, and Mirto's chapter adequately reflects each stage of the rites, starting with an overview of the pollution surrounding death and the deceased. Her discussion of mourning ceremonies (including the different phases, the place of lamentation and the role of women in funerary ritual) again relies most heavily on primary evidence from Homer, and this is balanced by some scholarship and evidence from classical tragedy. At times this section reads more like a collection of small case-studies rather than an overarching description of the ritual practices, but mostly this does not deter from the aim of the section. The final section of this chapter deals with cremation, inhumation and burial rites, and again she offers a number of examples of different literary burials.

Chapter four is primarily concerned with the physical place of burial, with the majority of the chapter dedicated to stelae, monuments and epitaphs. What Mirto produces here is something of a catalogue describing different types of burial monument, how they are used in both funerary and ancestor-worship rituals, what they show and what they can tell us about the way the deceased were presented. Mirto presents a number of different examples of grave monuments, using these to discuss various iconographic and epigraphic details that pertain to the burial, funerary ritual, and the deceased. This is followed by a more thorough look at tomb and hero cults – starting with a well- thought-out definition of what the Greek 'hero' is. Mirto thoughtfully engages with some of the scholarly contention surrounding hero cults – presenting a multi-faceted argument that conveys the slippery nature of hero cults and hero myths without overwhelming the 'introductory' feel of her book.

The final chapter, 'Making Good Use of Death' begins with a section on heroic death in (Iliadic) battle. What Mirto emphasises is that even though heroic death glorifies the warrior there 'is no paradoxical case of not loving life, of fascination with death' (p. 127); this is a point which is well worth accentuating to newcomers to this study of death- practices. This section leads to discussions of the 'beautiful death' of the young warrior and the glorification which awaits the warrior after death, but only in the upperworld. Finally, Mirto comes back around to highlighting the treatment of the corpse and pointing out that proper burial is an integral part of the transition into the underworld, and that the disfigurement of the body caused either by war itself, or by dogs and birds, or by victors withholding bodies and funerary honours of their defeated enemy, flouts the expected social norms. The chapter then leads on to a discussion on funerary ideology in the (Athenian) polis – this and the final section on funerary legislation are the discussions most grounded in 'fact' (rather than relying mainly on literary evidence). Together, these two final sections provide a spirited and thorough (though, as is the often the case with general studies, at times oversimplified) discussion of burial practices, including the funerary rites themselves and the shifting fashion of funerary monuments. The final section elucidates the evidence for funerary legislation, including a short examination of laws found in various parts of the Greek world and the evidence we have for those laws (i.e. epigraphical or literary) while still emphasising that, overall, issues of legislation are complex and are not imposed on a wholesale basis across Greece.

By way of concluding the book, Mirto's appendix on 'Studies of Death in Anthropology, Social History and Psychology' presents a brief but fairly thorough introduction to death-related theoretical concerns and, more broadly, ways in which death has been studied previously. While it is certainly not necessary to Mirto's main work the appendix gives a methodological context to the work and a base from which readers may investigate for their own studies. Sadly, while the works discussed in the appendix appear in the general index, the section is not given a further reading guide as are the other chapters.

None of Mirto's arguments in Death in the Greek World are particularly new, but her aim was not to write a piece of ground-breaking research. True to her aim, Mirto's book is an excellent introductory guide to death and death-related beliefs and practices in the archaic and classical Greek world. What she has managed to accomplish is a concise, practical, easy to understand compendium which both deals expertly with the primary evidence and appropriately utilises the secondary evidence. She perhaps has an over-dependence on the presentation of death in the Iliad, and carries this into discussions of classical-era practices as well. This may prove misleading, but in a field and time-frame where there is little other evidence, and when one doesn't want to get too entrenched in minute details, it is understandable. At times, Mirto is refreshingly honest about the literary evidence: she describes, for example, Achilles' 'inconsolable disappointment' at what he finds in the underworld (p. 138). This simplicity often shows an oversimplification of what are very complex issues in Greek death-related beliefs; forgivable given the brevity, and a trap that Garland's The Greek Way of Death mostly avoids. Mirto's book is almost directly comparable to Garland's in scope and time-frame – covering a similar range of material, with appeal to similar audiences. Death in the Greek World provides something of an updated version of the type of study that Garland's book is – bringing in (mainly scholarly) material that has appeared since the 1985 book was published. The overriding success of this book is the way that Mirto brings each aspect back to burial practice, highlighting how and why literary examples of, for instance, interaction with the dead relates to real-world burial practices. This in itself achieves something many studies on death do not – by demonstrating why looking at mythological or literary examples is pertinent to studies of cultic practice. Overall, Mirto's book provides a timely update to the exciting field of Greek religious practices.

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Steven Johnstone, A History of Trust in Ancient Greece. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 2011. Pp. xii, 242. ISBN 9780226405094. $45.00.

Reviewed by David M. Ratzan, Columbia University (dmr2005@columbia.edu)

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Preview

Steven Johnstone has written a stimulating, if curious, book on trust in classical Greece. Across seven substantive chapters the author covers a series of seemingly disparate topics—all without so much as mentioning the word pistis. The result is a historical lipogram: an anthropological archaeology of the practices, but not the discourse, of trust. This is also a timely book; current events (cf., e.g., Losing Faith in American Institutions) and the recent interest in ancient institutional analysis makes trust, and in particular "impersonal trust," or "the ways that abstract systems allow people to routinely interact, even with strangers, as if they trusted one another," (2) a subject of prime importance to anyone interested in the development, successes, and failures of political, economic, and legal institutions, ancient or modern.

Johnstone begins Chapter 1 ("Introduction") with the surrealist claim that "this book is a heap" (2). Thus he warns the reader that the subject and his treatment are "essentially unbounded": precise definitions are hopelessly artificial. True to metaphor, the book is indeed heapish. Johnstone explores no precise manifestation of trust; limits himself to no specific geography, group, institution, or evidence; and embraces no particular theoretical perspective. The only explicit boundaries are chronological, drawn at the 5th and 4th centuries B.C.E. Chapter 1 also contains—somewhat disappointingly—the only sustained discussion of trust. Johnstone aims to explore the "systems" and "practices" of trust in Greek society and selects—without justification—the following for study: "haggling" (Ch. 2) "measuring" (Ch. 3) "keeping track" (Ch. 4), "valuing" (Ch. 5), "collaborating" (Ch. 6), "apportioning liability" (Ch. 7), and "deciding" (Ch. 8). One could easily argue that other topics were of equal or greater import, e.g., reputation, dispute-resolution, and voting. Although unbounded and without a conclusion, the book is clearly organized, moving from the economic realm of the individual in the agora to the political collective in the ekklēsia and dikastērion. The studies are also tied together by the fundamental claim that the Greek experience complicates the simplistic identification of impersonal trust with the modern condition; rejecting this idea, Johnstone finds systems of impersonal trust often "repersonalizing" relationships or "supplementing" personal trust. This, then, is an institutional study of trust, but less technical and more overtly anthropological or sociological than the recent neo-institutionalist work of J. Ober, A. Bresson, J. Manning, and D. Kehoe (to name but a few in a growing field).

Chapter 2 ("Haggling") begins with the premise that money did not automatically impersonalize market transactions because coinage altered only one side of the information equation; while sellers relied on the standardized quantity of precious metal they received, buyers still had to assess the quality of goods. This "information asymmetry ... intensified personal relationships by exacerbating buyers' distrust of sellers. The system of trust in money repersonalized market relationships by creating new pools of distrust" (14). Distrust took discursive form in haggling, the economic and cultural practice par excellence of the agora. Johnstone dissects haggling's ritualized banter as revealed in comedy and Herodas and concludes with some political attempts to control or suppress haggling, including Nikophon's currency decree (SEG XXVI 72), which he sees as directed primarily at sellers who opportunistically capitalized on the known heterogeneity of the coin supply by refusing to accept even "good" coins except at a discount.

In Chapter 3 ("Measuring") Johnstone argues on compelling comparative grounds that standardized quantities inspire trust only when coupled with standardized qualities. The lack of quality controls explains why Greeks typically measured with traditional, unstandardized containers. He shows convincingly that attempts to determine the precise capacity of the phormos are anachronistic category mistakes: it "was not, in the first instance, a standardized measure ... but a customary object used in trade" (43). Measuring in such units was made practicable by personal experience in judging quality and quantity, supply networks articulated by personal trust, and the basic constraints of practicality (e.g., a phormos was probably the biggest sack/basket of grain a man could lade). More provocatively, Johnstone argues that the medimnos was "a notional" measure, often even "an imaginary measure because no grain was actually measured" (45). In his view, the medimnos was used primarily to estimate large amounts of grain or to equate grain (of inherently variable quality, since there were no standards) by describing it as a function of an "abstract price," i.e., "X drachmas per medimnos," where X describes neither a particular price one had paid nor an "average price," since there was no data collection of market prices to establish an average price). In support of this thesis he convincingly demonstrates that measuring large amounts of grain was expensive, inexact, and did not in any case obviate the need for expertise. Therefore, "the medimnos was a tool not of precision but of abstraction" (48). This interpretation will likely strike many readers as gratuitous. More certain and significant are the implications of the cost of measurement; it was typically borne or imposed only in public accounting (officials being inherently suspect) and in the retail setting of the agora, which is the only place weights and measures seem to have been regulated.

In Chapter 4 ("Keeping Track") Johnstone proposes that in the absence of a large, overarching administrative power like the Hellenistic state, Greeks, like other traditional cultures, "exercised strategic and rationalized control over stuff through ... containerizing ... the dispensing of supplies through the art of allocating based not on measuring, written accounting, and mathematical calculations but on an expertise in gauging the fullness of containers" (63). This insight, which he deftly applies, has important implications for our understanding of Greek economic rationality and taxation. For example, Johnstone considers the payment of first-fruits to Eleusis, the Athenian grain tax, and the Solonian classes, showing in each instance that there is no evidence individuals were required to measure out wealth precisely. He suggests that they instead estimated total production and the proportional tax, paying amounts they unilaterally declared under oath. Johnstone concludes briefly by arguing that containerization reified trust in the physical control that free men exerted over access to stored wealth.

Johnstone in Chapter 5 ("Valuing") asks how Greeks assigned monetary values (timēmata) to non-market items, like net worth, eligibility for political office, and citizenship. Denomination in monetary terms did not objectify valuing; as with taxes, valuations were declared ad hoc by interested individuals without recourse to objective standards. Such "radically subjective" declarations could, however, be contested by others, and this agōn of valuing placed a check on cheating. Johnstone closes this particularly rich chapter by documenting the shift from the personal and interpersonal practices of classical valuing to the more impersonal ones of the Hellenistic period, when states and independent commissions fixed values, and citizenship (exemplified by Athens and Cyrene) went from being a function of "unilateral declarations to comprehensive, objective censuses, from qualifying activities to a pure wealth qualification" (100). Thus humanity, having ceased to be the Protagorean "valuer and metron of all things," was reduced to the object of the impersonal metron of money (110).

Chapters 6 ("Collaboration") and 7 ("Apportioning Liability") explore mechanisms that "nurtured trust among strangers" on the various collegial boards and committees which characterized classical Greek political life. Ch. 6 is short because the evidence is thin, oblique, and generically compromised (esp. Herodotus and Xenophon); collaboration left few traces for the archaeo-anthropologist. Johnstone submits that appointment by lot logically devalued pre-existing relationships of trust, and therefore trust between members must have been the product of internal practices. The best evidence he musters is Dem. 19.188ff., which testifies to the custom of communal meals and rituals. For the rest, Johnstone is forced to assemble hints and hearsay, arguing that boards operated by the collaborative trading of gnomai, not adversarial debate; aimed at consensus; and, when necessary, relied on simple majorities through voting. Chapter 7 turns to the main negative incentive Greeks attached to boards: legal liability. Johnstone models the various modes of liability and how they likely affected relations among board members, suggesting that "the threat of collective sanctions encouraged group participation, solidarity, and trust" (127). Liability, however, encourages responsibility in those held liable and reliance in those holding them liable; the trust here is the latter party's in the law. Johnstone's discussion thus intersects orthogonally with his theme. Indeed, his chosen example of Arginusae (133-37) illuminates one board's struggle to negotiate responsibility and delegation—and the demos's insistence on personal reliance—but nothing about the generals' trust (or distrust) of each other.

Johnstone ends with rhetoric (Ch. 8), seen here as "a system for simplifying matters by means of institutional arrangements and conventional language so that large groups could decide things" (148). He thus comes full circle, reconsidering a thesis central to his first book, Disputes and Democracy (Austin, TX: 1999): "the relationship between litigant and audience was extremely problematic for Athenians since it required a trust in an abstract system more than in a specific known individual" (1999: 90, cf. 1-4). The discussion builds on this previous work, but the perspective is now self-consciously institutional. Thus Johnstone sketches the system's structural elements, rules, and nodal points, as well as its vulnerabilities and reflexive, "self-policing" controls, arguing that a systemic view of rhetoric as a decision-making process reveals the fundamental inadequacy of traditional persuasion theory, since it fails to recognize the triangular dynamic of opposing speakers and audience. Johnstone ends the chapter—and, abruptly, the book—by concluding that the speakers' opposing claims to truth and the audience's rhetorical expertise produced a "pervasive distrust of speakers and speeches," which paradoxically "seems to have allowed the system to regulate itself, stabilizing it and producing a generalized trust. People lodged this trust not in the character of speakers or the truthfulness of speeches, but in each other, in their individual and collective krisis, and in the lateral relationships among citizens that were forged through the process of deciding" (169-70).

This is an ambitious book, and readers will find much food for thought and plenty to argue with. As a whole, however, one must level two fundamental criticisms.

First, a history of trust in classical Greece cannot, in the end, ignore the discourse of trust. Greeks spoke too infrequently here in their own words about whom or what they trusted and why, even as they occasionally hinted that they might in fact have had something to add (e.g., Isoc. 13.5-6 [p.18] and Antiph. 6.10 [p.165]). Philology leaves no doubt that pistis was originally a purely personal quality; so, did the Greeks ever speak of "trusting" impersonal systems, corroborating Johnstone's claims? In fact, there is some evidence that they did (e.g., Dem. 56.2), yet the relationship between practice and discourse—and the evidence of discourse itself—remains unexplored. Second, one misses precisely a sense of history or historical change. Johnstone dismisses the need to "plot the background narrative" of his period because it is well known (174n19). Fair enough; but it is insufficient simply to assert that Greece "was not—or not essentially—a 'face-to-face' society but a society constructed of a range of relationships, from the intimate to the objective" (2). A history (as opposed to a sociology) of trust demands a historical approach to the question of why, how, and to what extent Greek society moved beyond being a "face-to- face" society to one with the complex relationship to trust he carefully describes. Johnstone limits his historical agenda to achieving a sense of contrast with subsequent periods, and in this he succeeds admirably, throwing the essentially unstandardized, subjective, contested classical world into vivid relief against the more impersonal, objective, standardized Hellenistic, Roman, and contemporary worlds. Absent, however, is any development from the archaic period or even from within the classical period itself, which witnessed tremendous political, commercial, and social changes. And the stresses produced by these changes left traces for the historian of trust. Take, for example, Aristotle's analysis of commercial or contractual relationships as species of philia, in which he constructs the manifestly trustless, utterly unfriendly, oxymoronic chimera of "legal friendship" (philia kata nomon , NE VIII.13). Ultimately, it was pistis that acquired technical legal meanings, denoting forms of trust (e.g., "credit") or guarantees (e.g., oaths, security or sureties, documents, etc.) between people who could not or would not deal with each other strictly as philoi but through the intermediation of the law.¹

In sum, this is an important and thought-provoking book, but more of a prolegomenon to the history of trust in classical Greece than that history itself. But all histories must begin somewhere, and so we are indebted to Johnstone's ingenuity and effort in blazing the difficult trail of this hitherto neglected history.

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Notes:

1.   Cf. J. Vélissaropoulos-Karakostas. "Merchants, Prostitutes and the 'New Poor': Forms of contract and social status." In Cartledge, P., Cohen, E. E., and Foxhall, L. eds. Money, Labour and Land. London and New York: Routledge, 2002. 130-39.

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S. D. Lambert (ed.), Sociable Man: Essays on Ancient Greek Social Behaviour in Honour of Nick Fisher. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2011. Pp. xiii, 378. ISBN 9781905125517. $110.00.

Reviewed by Jeremy Trevett, York University (jtrevett@yorku.ca)

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Table of Contents

The volume under review is a Festschrift in honour of N. R. E. Fisher on the occasion of his retirement as Professor of Ancient History at Cardiff University. Fisher has established himself as a leading social historian of ancient Greece, and is the author of a number of influential books in the field: Social Values in Classical Athens (1976), Hybris: A Study in the Values of Honour and Shame in Ancient Greece (1992), Slavery in Classical Greece (1993), and Aeschines: Against Timarchos (2001). (A complete bibliography of Fisher's work is included at the end of the volume.) As the subtitle indicates, the papers are all concerned with aspects of Greek social behavior, broadly defined. They derive a further coherence from the fact that most of them engage in one way or another with themes that are central to Fisher's work, including honour and hybris, gender and power, and male sociability.

The volume opens with a short Foreword by Pamela-Jane Shaw, a former PhD student of Fisher, who writes appreciatively of his qualities as a teacher. This is followed by Paul Cartledge's discussion of the state of Athenian social history 'After Nick Fisher'. Cartledge ponders the perennially difficult question of how (Athenian) social history should be defined, and pays tribute to Fisher's continuing influence on the field. He rightly draws attention to the impact and lasting value of his first published work, Social Values in Classical Athens.

John Davies discusses the career of the fourth-century Athenian politician Hegesippos of Sounion, the probable author of the anti-Macedonian speech On Halonnesus ([Dem.] 7), whom he depicts as in some ways a more typical participant in public life than his famous contemporary and political ally Demosthenes; this chapter includes as an appendix the draft entry for Hegesippos from the (yet to be published) revised second edition of his Athenian Propertied Families 600-300 BC.

In a stimulating and original contribution, Robin Osborne examines the relationship between landscape and historical memory in the countryside of late-classical Attica. Taking the well-excavated demes of Thorikos and Rhamnous as examples, he suggests on the basis of the material remains that the inhabitants of the two places may have had quite different views of Athens' past, and of their place in it. Classical Thorikos had extensive historical remains but appears to have become a rather parochial and inward-looking place. Rhamnous, by contrast, with its important temple of Nemesis and a military garrison, was more outward-looking: better connected with the rest of Attica, and more closely implicated in Athenian history. Osborne goes on to suggest that the city of Athens might have seemed a more familiar sort of place, despite the obvious difference of scale, to an Athenian from Rhamnous than to one from Thorikos. Whether or not one agrees with his necessarily speculative arguments, Osborne raises important and interesting questions, not least about the ways in which the methods of the emerging discipline of psychogeography can be applied to the ancient world.

Sam Potts addresses the dynamics of social interaction in the classical Athenian navy. He attempts to sketch out the relationships between and within the various categories of people on board an Athenian trireme, from the trierarch down to the humblest slave rower. Whilst in some senses the trireme can be seen as an egalitarian place—the school of democracy according to Barry Strauss—it was also very hierarchically organized.¹ Even among the rowers there were important distinctions: of juridical class, between citizens, metics, foreigners and slaves, and also between the different classes of rowers. There needed to be cooperation in order for the ship to function effectively, but there was also tension (e.g. between marines and rowers) and competition (e.g. between trierarchs). Potts also argues that within the narrative of Dem. 50 there are two episodes where the trierarch Apollodorus seems, contrary to the general view that patronage was absent from classical Athens, to have acted in a patronal capacity towards a member of his crew.

Moving away from Athens, James Roy attempts to dispel the stereotype of the classical Arcadians as a backward people. Instead, he argues, their way of life was in most respects comparable to that of other Greeks. The notion of Arcadian primitivism is more a matter of (self-)image than of reality, compounded to some degree by conflation with the literary Arcadia of poetry. In particular, Roy notes that the Arcadians believed that they were autochthonous— indeed that they were older than the other Greeks—and that their earliest ancestors had lived simply and close to nature. They may once have been 'acorn-eaters', as they are famously described in an oracular response of the Pythia, and prided themselves on their past, but in the classical period they were part of the Greek mainstream.

Douglas Cairns examines the issue of reparation for Agamemnon's offence against Achilles in Iliad Book I. Taking issue with the views of Donna Wilson (in her Ransom, Revenge and Heroic Identity in the Iliad), he argues against the existence of a sharp distinction between the terms poinē and apoina.

The next three chapters engage with various aspects of hybris. Hans van Wees seeks to reinforce Fisher's view that the Athenian law of hybris was enacted by Solon. He argues that the supplementary clause in the law (as quoted by Demosthenes in the speech Against Meidias) 'or [if anyone] does anything unlawful …' indicates that the law was concerned not just with hybris, but covered a range of other offences as well. He then makes the bold suggestion that this law is not in fact a substantive law dealing with the specific offence of hybris, as is generally believed, but is none other than the law by which Solon established the procedure for bringing a prosecution called graphē. This procedure, which is known from other sources to have been introduced by Solon, allowed prosecutions for various offences, including but not limited to hybris, to be brought by any Athenian citizen who wished to do so. In van Wees' view, the reason why this procedural law mentions the specific offence of hybris is that this was the most serious offence that could be prosecuted by means of a graphē (there were different procedures for bringing a prosecution for homicide). If van Wees is correct, our picture of Solon's reforms will be significantly altered. For example, the text of the law makes it clear that the heliaia (i.e. the people sitting as a judicial body) was to be the court of first instance in such cases. Thus, on van Wees' argument, Solon went much further than instituting the right of appeal against the judgment of a magistrate to the heliaia, as he is generally believed to have done on the basis of [Ar.] Ath. Pol. 9.1. This strikingly original reinterpretation of the law of hybris is certain to spark considerable debate among historians of Athenian law.

Louis Rawlings explores the presence of Hybris in a list of suitable names for hunting dogs given by Xenophon in his Cynegeticus (7.5). Rather than seeing hybris as an ideologically neutral term describing the desirable quality (in a hunting dog) of aggression towards its prey, Rawlings suggests that its use is ideologically loaded, and reflected the social values of the animal's owner. Those who owned hunting-dogs were members of the wealthy elite, and as such may have been inclined to view hybris, in the sense of contempt for their social inferiors, as a positive quality. Thus anyone who named his dog Hybris was making a statement not so much about the dog, but about himself.

James Whitley looks at the victory monuments set up in panhellenic sanctuaries, and specifically at the issues raised when one Greek community wished to memorialize a military victory over another. He takes as his starting point the statue of Nike erected at Olympia to celebrate the victory of the Messenians and others over the Spartans in the Archidamian War. What is striking is that the dedication names the victors but not the vanquished. Whitley suggests that to have done so would have offended the Spartans, and that the Eleans who controlled the sanctuary may have insisted that Spartan sensibilities be respected. Whitley also explores the broad shift in the 6th and 5th centuries from the dedication of captured arms and armour, which made the fact of the losers' defeat quite apparent, to the dedication of statues, which might be less invidious.

Stephen Lambert asks the deceptively simple question, 'What was the point of inscribed honorific inscriptions in classical Athens?' He suggests that publicizing the grant of an honour in this way served both to increase the honour, by making more people aware of it, and to associate it with the gods, since most inscriptions were set up on the Acropolis. In what I found the most interesting part of his chapter, Lambert draws attention to the appearance in the 340s of hortatory clauses, indicating that an honorific inscription was specifically set up in order to encourage others to act in ways that would merit honour, and offers some suggestions as to why this development occurred when it did.

The remaining six papers are all concerned with issues of gender and sexuality. Sian Lewis explores the position of women under the tyrants of archaic and classical Greece, with particular reference to Aristotle's striking claim that women do well under tyranny (Politics 1313b32-38). She concludes that the women of a tyrant's family could exercise influence by virtue of their closeness to the ruler, whereas the female relatives of his opponents might often be in danger of ill-treatment by him. Non-elite women, however, were unlikely to be much affected by tyranny. Insofar as Aristotle is correct, she suggests, it is because tyranny by its nature breaks down normal gender-based patterns of dominance in the polis.

Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones asks how prevalent were domestic abuse and sexual violence against (free) women in ancient Greece, and reaches the plausible conclusion, on the basis of ancient and comparative evidence, that such behaviour was probably so common as to merit little comment on the part of contemporary writers.

Janett Morgan offers a strongly revisionist account of the andrōn, conventionally viewed as the locus for specifically male sociability within the oikos. An examination of textual references to andrōn and andrōnitis leads her to conclude that 'Classical texts do not show that a formally separated male areas was a feature of the houses of ordinary Athenian men' (p. 273). In fact, she suggests, the andrōn is associated by classical authors chiefly with the palaces of eastern rulers, which were thought to contain specifically male quarters. Moreover, the archaeological remains of dining rooms at Athens (where they are generally not found in private houses) and at Olynthus do not in themselves suggest that they were reserved exclusively for male use.

Ruth Westgate examines the figural motifs used in the floor-mosaics of early Greek dining-rooms. She argues that the users of these rooms were typically men, and sees the majority of the motifs as reflecting male interests and pursuits. So for example wild and fabulous beasts were popular as symbols of power and as exemplars of specifically masculine qualities. In the Hellenistic period, by contrast, different and less aggressive aspects of the lifestyle of the rich came to be depicted. Given their differing views about the gendered nature of Greek dining-rooms, it is a pity that Morgan and Westgate do not engage directly with each other's arguments.

David Konstan, in a paper that extends the chronological limits of the volume into the imperial era, argues that the 13th and 14th letters of Alciphron are the earliest examples of ancient pornography, in the sense of texts intended to cause sexual excitement, and that the epistolary form was particularly suitable for this form of expression.

Finally, Emma Stafford considers male masturbation in late archaic and classical Athens. After discussing the terminology used to describe masturbation, she argues that in literary texts it is generally practised by 'non-ideal' types: slaves, foreigners and the elderly. Depictions of male masturbation on vases are typically associated with the symposium, either because they appear on symposium-ware or because of their setting. Some of these scenes are of satyrs, which is ideologically unproblematic insofar as satyrs are the opposite of ideal citizens. There are, however, also depictions of men and youths, apparently citizens (or at any rate not obviously non-citizens), which are harder to interpret.

The volume has been very carefully edited by Stephen Lambert and handsomely produced by the University Press of Wales.

In conclusion, the generally high quality and thematic coherence of the contributions make this volume both a fine tribute to the honorand and a valuable collection in its own right. It contains plenty of interest to social historians of ancient Greece.

One final point: at a time when numerous earlier works of classical scholarship are being either reprinted or republished electronically, it is a shame that Nick Fisher's Hybris is not only long out of print, but also virtually unobtainable used.

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Notes:

1.   B. S. Strauss, 'The Athenian trireme, school of democracy' in J. Ober and C. Hedrick (ed.), Dēmokratia: A Conversation on Democracies, Ancient and Modern (1996) 313-326.

(read complete article)

Johann P. Arnason, Kurt A. Raaflaub (ed.), The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. The ancient world: comparative histories. Chichester; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Pp. xiv, 416. ISBN 9780470655573. $149.95 (hc).

Reviewed by Anna Lucille Boozer, University of Reading (A.L.Boozer@Reading.ac.uk)

Version at BMCR home site

Preview

The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives is an editorially ambitious project. This weighty volume covers a wide range of material in order to expose temporal, spatial and theoretical comparisons to the Roman Empire. Although some of the comparative contributions may be standard within their own discipline, Romanists have not often had the opportunity to compare such a wide range of material so easily within the confines of a single volume. Accessibility is one of its major achievements.

The book comprises sixteen chapters organized into five sections. The size of the volume therefore allows only select highlights to be mentioned more thoroughly in this review.

In the Introduction, Arnason urges that we refocus comparative approaches to Roman history towards categories particularly appropriate for comparison: states, empires and civilizations. In so doing, the editors orient their comparative framework towards macroscale perspectives on the Roman Empire and aim to examine standard themes from non-standard vantages.

The first section in this volume focuses on expansion and transformation during different stages in the Roman Empire. One of the editors, Raaflaub, focuses on the transformation of Rome from a city-state into an empire. Raaflaub embeds his own study of this transition firmly within the context of other Mediterranean world empires. A more specific discussion of theoretical perspectives and data citations within these comparisons would have aided the comparisons Raaflaub endorses. For example, what are the specific components of Central American empires that find analogues in Rome's expansion? The chapter by Flaig pursues the theme of Roman expansion primarily through analyzing and critiquing Christian Meier's Res Publica Amissa.¹ The chapter co-authored by Cohen and Lendon looks more closely at a snapshot of evidence than many of the other contributions. Cohen and Lendon compare the imperial government of Rome in the first through third centuries AD to the fourteenth century Crown of Aragon to determine more subtle signs of strength or weakness between these two regimes. Their insightful analysis of the imperial and royal voices from these regimes adds colorful depth to our understanding of both. The second section explores Late Antiquity from the third-century crisis onward. The first chapter from this section, by Ziolkowski, argues that purely political and military issues brought about the third century crisis. Ziolkowski suggests that the military lost faith in the imperial purple due to increasing security concerns about barbarian threats along the frontiers. The author clearly demonstrates that the way in which the emperors handled barbarian threats impacted the military's perceptions of their power, which destabilized Roman rule. The contribution by Stroumsa maps the transformations that occurred in religious conceptions and ritual in Late Antiquity, providing contrast with the other chapters more focused on power and politics. Fowden's chapter explores diachronic change in Late Antiquity across the first millennium. This long-range perspective provides particularly strong insights into religious developments as well as the long-term impacts of empires upon later societies.

The third section examines Rome's legacy in the west, east and Islamic worlds. In so doing, the volume provides Romanists with rich comparisons of post-Roman developments across the imperial footprint. The chapter by Becher explores the Franks as heirs to the Roman Empire in both the geographic and internal constitution of their realm. Haldon's contribution explores the Eastern Empire in the seventh and eighth centuries through the lenses of elite individuals, social and economic changes, and the impact of these transformations upon the urban fabric. These themes allow Haldon to tackle the diverse components of the eastern empire in a comprehensive and fluid manner. The final chapter in this section, by Robinson, explores the Islamic Empire through integrating its geography, nomads, and religion into a comprehensive fabric of analysis.

The fourth section considers comparisons between Rome and other ancient empires, including Assyria, China, and Sasanian Iran. Liverani's exploration of comparisons made between Rome and the Assyrian Empire is a positive step toward a deeper probing of a commonly cited comparison. Despite this advance, it is clear that a closer and more data-driven comparison between these empires would prove beneficial for understanding the validity of associating these two great ancient empires together. Lowe's chapter examines the Qin and Han imperial governments, allowing Romanists to glimpse into a body of Chinese data often inaccessible due to a linguistic divide. McDonough's thoughtful contribution on Sasanian Iran provides a succinct yet nuanced introduction to this late empire of the Ancient Near East. The final chapter in this section, by Bang, takes a macroscale approach to comparative frameworks for Roman imperial history. By drawing upon later European history, Bang teases out some of the unique components of Roman rule that we often do not consider thoroughly.

The fifth section returns to theoretical concerns, looking towards the broad theoretical frameworks that inform Roman studies as well as how Roman studies have influenced theoretical perspectives. Arnason explores various methods that have been used to model Roman history and particularly the major transitional phases of Roman imperial expansion, consolidation and collapse. Arnason's macro-level exploration sums up numerous perspectives in a descriptive manner and a deeper analysis of theoretical debates would have been helpful in several instances. For example, Arnason defends the concept of 'romanization' without exploring the ample debates that have surrounded this term in recent decades and one wishes to hear more from this author on this subject. The final chapter in this volume, by Wagner, considers the impact of Rome upon subsequent European identities and developments. This large-scale perspective on Rome complements the other comparative perspectives within the volume and serves well as a conclusion to the volume

The volume is displays a high standard of presentation and proof-reading, although illustrations (including maps) are lacking. The accessible prose, lucid contextualizations, and broad geographic and temporal boundaries will ensure that this text will be a valuable aid to scholars of both the ancient Mediterranean as well as other regions and time periods. Moreover, the contributions could be used for post-graduate teaching as well as academic research by Romanists wishing to probe outside of standard historical and geographic boundaries. It is unfortunate that the volume's price places it outside of easy purchase for most students and scholars. In summation, this volume is a welcome addition to comparative studies of the Roman Empire that bring to bear a broader cohort of perspectives than commonly employed for the Roman Empire.

---

Notes:

1.   The original publication is C. Meier, Res publica amissa. Eine Studie zu Verfassung und Geschichte der späten römischen Republik, Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1966.

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Books Received August 2012.

Version at BMCR home site

The current list contains all books available this month (only those with an asterisk are available; those that appear without asterisks are already assigned to reviewers). Qualified volunteers should indicate their interest by sending a message to classrev@brynmawr.edu, with their last name and requested author in the subject line. They should state their qualifications (e.g. publication or dissertation on the topic) and explain any previous relationship with the author. Volunteers are expected to have received their PhDs. Graduate students writing theses will be considered on the condition that they provide the name of a supervisor who has agreed in advance to read and vet the review, and that the review is approved by the supervisor before submission.

This page will not be updated to indicate that books have been assigned. Please consult the updated list of books available for review at http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/booksavailable.html.

*Aldrete, Gregory S. and Alicia Aldrete. The long shadow of antiquity: what have the Greeks and Romans done for us?. London; New York: Continuum, 2012. xi, 365 p. $34.95. ISBN 9781441162472.

*Balbo, Andrea, Federica Bessone and Ermanno Malaspina (edd.). Tanti affetti in tal momento: studi in onore di Giovanna Garbarino. Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso, 2012. xviii, 910 p. € 120.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862743082.

*Bardani, Voula N. and Stephen V. Tracy (edd.). Inscriptiones Atticae Euclidis anno posteriores. Ed. tertia. Pars I: Leges et decreta; Fasc. V: Leges et Decreta annorum 229/8-168/7. Inscriptiones Graecae, II/III3 1,5. Berlin; New York: De Gruyter, 2012. x, 293 p., 80 p. of plates. $419.00. ISBN 9783110264487.

Bardill, Jonathan. Constantine, divine emperor of the Christian golden age. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. xxx, 440 p. $99.00. ISBN 9780521764230.

Beneker, Jeffrey. The passionate statesman: Eros and politics in Plutarch's Lives. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. xii, 258 p. $99.00. ISBN 9780199695904.

*Betancourt, Philip P. The dams and water management systems of Minoan Pseira. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press, 2012. xvii, 91 p. $20.00 (pb). ISBN 9781931534666.

**Brakke, David, Deborah Deliyannis and Edward Watts (edd.). Shifting cultural frontiers in late antiquity. Farnham; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012. xi, 286 p. $119.95. ISBN 9781409441496.

Brown, Peter. Through the eye of a needle: wealth, the fall of Rome, and the making of Christianity in the West, 350-550 AD. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2012. xxx, 759 p. $39.95. ISBN 9780691152905.

Campbell, Brian. Rivers and the power of ancient Rome. Studies in the history of Greece and Rome. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. xvii, 585 p. $70.00. ISBN 9780807834800.

*Cerutti, Maria Vittoria (ed.). Auctoritas: mondo tardoantico e riflessi contemporanei. Siena: Edizioni Cantagalli, 2012. 222 p. € 14.00 (pb). ISBN 9788882727932.

*Chiarini, Sara. L'archeologia dello Scutum Herculis. Area 10, 852. Roma: Aracne editrice, 2012. 206 p. € 13.00 (pb). ISBN 9788854850439.

*Copenhaver, Brian P. and Lodi Nauta (edd., trans.). Lorenzo Valla. Dialectical disputations (2 vols.). I Tatti Renaissance library, l49-50. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2012. l,397 p.; 591 p. $29.95; $29.95. ISBN 9780674055766; 9780674061408.

*Cotton, Hannah M., Leah Di Segni, Werner Eck, Benjamin Isaac, Alla Kushnir-Stein, Haggai Misgav, Jonathan Price and Ada Yardeni (edd.). Corpus inscriptionum Judaeae/Palaestinae, Vol. I: Jerusalem. Part 2: 705-1120. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. xvi, 572 p. $196.00. ISBN 9783110251883.

*Curzer, Howard J. Aristotle and the virtues. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. 451 p. $99.00. ISBN 9780199693726.

Cuvigny, Hélène (ed.). Didymoi: une garnison romaine dans le désert oriental d'Égypte. II - les textes. Fouilles de l'Ifao, 67. Le Caire: Institut français d'archéologie orientale, 2012. xv, 453 p. ISBN 9782724705867.

*D'Aiuto, Francesco and Paolo Vian (edd.). Guida ai fondi manoscritti, numismatici, a stampa della Biblioteca Vaticana (2 vols.). Studi e testi, 466-467. Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 2011. 1557 p. € 150.00 (pb). ISBN 9788821008849.

**Danek, Georg and Irmtraud Hellerschmid. Rituale: Identitätsstiftende Handlungskomplexe. 2. Tagung des Zentrums Archäologie und Altertumswissenschaften an der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2./3. November 2009. Denkschriften der philosophisch-historische Klasse, 437;Origines, 2. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2012. 247 p. € 61.00 (pb). ISBN 9783700171270.

*Davaras, Costis and Philip P. Betancourt. Hagia Photia cemetery II: The pottery. Prehistory monographs, 34. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press, 2012. xix, 164 p., 21 p. of figs, 70 p. of plates. $80.00. ISBN 9781931534635.

**De Poli, Mattia. Monodie mimetiche e monodie diegetiche: i canti a solo di Euripide e la tradizione poetica greca. Drama, Neue Serie, Bd 10. Tübingen: Narr Verlag, 2012. 210 p. € 58.00. ISBN 9783823367260.

Du Plessis, Paul. Studying Roman law. Classical world series. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2012. 125 p. $12.99 (pb). ISBN 9781780930268.

*Dubel, Sandrine, Sophie Gotteland and Estelle Oudot (edd.). Éclats de littérature grecque d'Homère à Pascal Quignard: mélanges offerts à Suzanne Saïd. Nanterre: Presses universitaires de Paris Ouest, 2012. 365 p. € 26.00 (pb). ISBN 9782840161165.

*Foley, Helene P. Re-imagining Greek tragedy on the American stage. Sather classical lectures, 70. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press, 2012. xv, 375 p. $95.00. ISBN 9780520272446.

Fourlas, Benjamin. Die Mosaiken der Acheiropoietos-Basilika in Thessaloniki. Eine vergleichende Analyse dekorativer Mosaiken des 5. und 6. Jahrhunderts (2 vols.). Millennium-Studien / Millennium Studies, Bd 35. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. xii, 434 p., 199 p. of plates. $210.00. ISBN 9783110278385.

Fratantuono, Lee. Madness triumphant: a reading of Lucan's Pharsalia. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2012. xxvii, 464 p. $90.00. ISBN 9780739173145.

*Futre Pinheiro, Marília P., Marilyn B. Skinner and Froma I. Zeitlin (edd.). Narrating desire: eros, sex, and gender in the ancient novel. Trends in classics - supplementary volumes, 14. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. xi, 289 p. $154.00. ISBN 9783110281828.

*Gambino Longo, Susanna (ed.). Hérodote à la Renaissance. Latinitates (LATIN), 7. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2012. 272 p. € 85.00 (pb). ISBN 9782503541211.

*Goeken, Johann. Aelius Aristide et la rhétorique de l'hymne en prose. Recherches sur les rhétoriques réligieuses, 15. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2012. 708 p. € 110.00 (pb). ISBN 9782503541488.

**Gümgüm, Güven. Il Martyrion di Hierapolis di Frigia (Turchia): analisi archeologica e architettonica. BAR international series, S2385, 2012. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2012. 169 p. £ 31.00. ISBN 9781407309774.

**Hadas-Lebel, Mireille. Philo of Alexandria: a thinker in the Jewish diaspora. Studies in Philo of Alexandria, 7. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. 240 p. $140.00. ISBN 9789004209480.

**Hauben, Hans. Studies on the Melitian schism in Egypt (AD 306-335) (edited by Peter van Nuffelen). Variorum collected studies series, CS1001. Farnham; Burlington, VT: Ashgate Variorum, 2012. 294 p. $154.95. ISBN 9781409439424.

*Havlícek, Aleš and Filip Karfík (edd.). Platos's Sophist: proceedings of the Seventh Symposium Platonicum Pragense. Praha: Oikoymenh, 2011. 392 p. € 10.00. ISBN 9788072984657.

*Jouanna, Jacques. Greek medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: selected papers (translated by Neil Allies; edited with a preface by Philip van der Eijk). Studies in ancient medicine, 40. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. xix, 403 p. $203.00. ISBN 9789004208599.

*Keller, Andrew and Stephanie Russell. Learn to read Greek. Part 1, textbook and workbook set. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 2011. 384 p.; 632 p. $77.00 (pb). ISBN 9780300167719.

*Keller, Andrew and Stephanie Russell. Learn to read Greek. Part 2, textbook and workbook set. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 2011. 512 p.; 544 p. $77.00 (pb). ISBN 9780300115925.

*Kramer, Norbert. Keramik und Kleinfunde aus Diokaisareia. Diokaisareia in Kilikien: Ergebnisse des Surveys 2001- 2006, Bd 1. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. viii, 83 p., 65, 9 p. of plates. $140.00. ISBN 9783110222159.

Levene, D. S. Livy on the Hannibalic War. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. xi, 453 p. $160.00. ISBN 9780198152958.

*Lloyd, G. E. R. Being, humanity, and understanding: studies in ancient and modern societies. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. 136 p. $45.00. ISBN 9780199654727.

*Lupton, Hugh, Daniel Morden and Carole Hénaff. The adventures of Achilles. Cambridge, MA: Barefoot Books, 2012. 94 p.; 2 CDs. $23.99. ISBN 9781846864209.

*Marincola, John, Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Alasdair Maciver (edd.). Greek notions of the past in the archaic and classical eras: history without historians. Edinburgh Leventis studies, 6. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012. xiv, 378 p. $120.00. ISBN 9780748643967.

**Migotti, Branka. The archaeology of Roman southern Pannonia: the state of research and selected problems in the Croatian part of the Roman province of Pannonia. BAR international series, S2393, 2012. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2012. xii, 439 p. £ 60.00. ISBN 9781407309859.

*Montarese, Francesco. Lucretius and his sources: a study of Lucretius, De rerum natura I 635-920. Sozomena, 12. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. xi, 314 p. $126.00. ISBN 9783110194524.

Muskett, Georgina. Greek sculpture. Classical World. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2012. 135 p. £ 12.99 (pb). ISBN 9781780930282.

*Nasse, Christiane. Erdichtete Rituale: die Eingeweideschau in der lateinischen Epik und Tragödie. Potsdamer Altertumswissenschaftliche Beiträge, Bd 38. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012. 408 p. € 66.00 (pb). ISBN 9783515101332.

**Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther. Libanios: Zeuge einer schwindenden Welt. Standorte in Antike und Christentum, Bd 4. Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 2012. vii, 165 p. € 39.00 (pb). ISBN 9783777212081.

*Obryk, Matilda. Unsterblichkeitsglaube in den griechischen Versinschriften. Untersuchungen zur antiken Literatur und Geschichte, Bd 108. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. xii, 255 p. $112.00. ISBN 9783110281774.

O'Daly, Gerard (ed., trans.). Days linked by song: Prudentius' Cathemerinon. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. xi, 410 p. $185.00. ISBN 9780199263950.

*Olson, S. Douglas (ed., trans., comm.). The Homeric hymn to Aphrodite and related texts: text, translation and commentary. Texte und Kommentare, Bd 39. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. x, 328 p. $154.00. ISBN 9783110260724.

*Perodaskalakis, Dimitris E. Σοφοκλής: τραγικό θέαμα και ανθρώπινο πάθος. Athens: Εκδόσεις Gutenberg, 2012. 169 p. € 10.80 (pb). ISBN 9789600115024.

*Pettinger, Andrew. The Republic in danger: Drusus Libo and the succession of Tiberius. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. ix, 265 p. $99.00. ISBN 9780199601745.

**Pohl, Walter, Clemens Gantner and Richard E. Payne (edd.). Visions of community in the post-Roman world: the West, Byzantium and the Islamic world, 300-1100. Farnham; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012. viii, 575 p. $165.00. ISBN 9781409427094.

*Rashed, Roshdi (ed., trans., comm.). Abu Kamil. Algèbre et analyse diophantienne: édition, traduction et commentaire. Scientia Graeco-Arabica, Bd 9. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. xiv, 819 p. $210.00. ISBN 9783110295610.

*Raymond, Emmanuelle (ed.). Vox poetae: manifestations auctoriales dans l'épopée gréco-latine. Actes du colloque organisé les 13 et 14 novembre 2008 par l'Université Lyon 3. Collection du Centre d'études et de recherches sur l'Occident romain - CEROR, 39. Paris: De Boccard, 2011. 432 p. € 39.00 (pb). ISBN 9782904974380.

*Riggs, Christina (ed.). The Oxford handbook of Roman Egypt. Oxford Handbooks in Archaeology. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. xxi, 791 p. $150.00. ISBN 9780199571451.

*Rocco, Marco. L'esercito romano tardoantico: persistenze e cesure dai Severri a Teodosio I. Studi e progetti. Padova: libreriauniversitaria.it edizioni, 2012. 683 p. € 35.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862922302.

*Ryan, Paul (comm.). Plato's Phaedrus: a commentary for Greek readers. Oklahoma series in classical culture, 47. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012. xxix, 344 p. $29.95 (pb). ISBN 9780806142593.

*Santorelli, Biagio (ed., trans., comm.). Giovenale, Satira IV: introduzione, traduzione e commento. Texte und Kommentare, Bd 40. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2012. ix, 209 p. $112.00. ISBN 9783110283945.

*Schauer, Markus (ed.). Tragicorum Romanorum fragmenta, Vol. 1: Livius Andronicus; Naevius; Tragici minores; Fragmenta adespota. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2012. xliii, 493 p. € 89.99. ISBN 9783525250266.

*Shaw, Maria C. and Joseph W. Shaw (edd.). House X at Kommos: a Minoan mansion near the sea. Part 1, Architecture, stratigraphy, and selected finds. Prehistory monographs, 35. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press, 2012. xxvi, 150 p., [61] p. of tables, [41] p. of figs., [33] p. of plates. $80.00. ISBN 9781931534642.

**Skartsis, Stefania S. Chlemoutsi Castle (Clermont, Castel Tornese), NW Peloponnese: its pottery and its relations with the west (13th-early 19th centuries). BAR international series, S2391, 2012. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2012. 201 p. £ 35.00. ISBN 9781407309835.

*Stark, Michaela. Göttliche Kinder: Ikonographische Untersuchung zu den Darstellungskonzeptionen von Gott und Kind bzw. Gott und Mensch in der griechischen Kunst. Potsdamer Altertumswissenschaftliche Beiträge, Bd 39. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012. 358 p., 32 p. of plates. € 64.00 (pb). ISBN 9783515101394.

**Teatini, Alessandro. Repertorio dei sarcofagi decorati della Sardegna romana. Bibliotheca archaeologica, 48. Roma: L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2011. 478 p. € 300.00. ISBN 9788882656324.

*Turfa, Jean MacIntosh. Divining the Etruscan world: the Brontoscopic Calendar and religious practice. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. xiii, 408 p., [8] p. of figures. $99.00. ISBN 9781107009073.

**Turner, Peter. Truthfulness, realism, historicity: a study in late antique spiritual literature. Farnham; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012. x, 218 p. $124.95. ISBN 9780754669548.

*Vanhaelen, Maude (ed., trans.). Marsilio Ficino. Commentaries on Plato. Volume 2: Parmenides (2 vols.). I Tatti Renaissance library, 51-52. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2012. lxii, 286 p.; 408 p. $29.95; $29.95. ISBN 9780674064713; 9780674064720.

*Volt, Ivo and Janika Päll (edd.). Quattuor Lustra: papers celebrating the 20th anniversary of the re-establishment of classical studies at the University of Tartu. Morgensterni Seltsi toimetised / Acta Societatis Morgensternianae, IV-V. Tartu: Societas Morgensterniana, 2012. 400 p. € 23.00 (pb.). ISBN 9789949320677.

*Watson, Walter. The lost second book of Aristotle's Poetics. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 2012. xii, 304 p. $45.00. ISBN 9780226875088.

*Werner, Daniel S. Myth and philosophy in Plato's Phaedrus. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. vi, 302 p. $99.00. ISBN 9781107021280.

*Wick, Peter and Markus Zehnder (edd.). The Parthian Empire and its religions: studies in the dynamics of religious diversity / Das Partherreich und seine Religionen: Studien zu Dynamiken religiöser Pluralität. Pietas, Bd 5. Gutenberg: Computus Druck Satz & Verlag, 2012. 218 p. € 68.00. ISBN 9783940598134.

*Zhmud, Leonid. Pythagoras and the early Pythagoreans (translated from Russian by Kevin Windle and Rosh Ireland; first published 1994). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. xxiv, 491 p. $185.00. ISBN 9780199289318.

Again Available

*Dudley, John. Aristotle's concept of chance: accidents, cause, necessity, and determinism. SUNY series in ancient Greek philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2012. xii, 469 p. $95.00. ISBN 9781438432274.

Still Available

*Allan, William. Homer: The Iliad. Classical world. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2012. 78 p. $19.95 (pb). ISBN 9781849668897.

*Ando, Clifford. Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: the critical century. Edinburgh History of Ancient Rome. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012. xiv, 256 p. $50.00 (pb). ISBN 9780748620517.

*Attema, Peter A. J. and Günther Schörner (edd.). Comparative issues in the archaeology of the Roman rural landscape: site classification between survey, excavation and historical categories. Journal of Roman Archaeology supplementary series, 88. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2012. 135 p. $69.00. ISBN 9781887829885.

*Benoist, Stéphane (ed.). Rome, a city and its empire in perspective: the impact of the Roman world through Fergus Millar's research / Rome, une cite imperiale en jeu: l'impact du monde romain selon Fergus Millar. Impact of empire, 16. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. viii, 211 p. $129.00. ISBN 9789004230927.

*Citroni, Mario (ed.). Letteratura e civitas: transizioni dalla Repubblica all'Impero: in ricordo di Emanuele Narducci. Testi e studi di cultura classica, 53. Pisa: Edizioni ETS, 2012. 454 p. € 35.00 (pb). ISBN 9788846732316.

*Cobbold, G. B. (trans.). The red flare: Cicero's On old age. Mundelein, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc., 2012. xxxvi, 92 p. $15.00 (pb). ISBN 9780865167827.

*Coulon, Victor and Pierre Judet de La Combe (ed.; trans., comm.). Aristophane. Les Grenouilles. Classiques en poche. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2012. l, 311 p. € 13.50 (pb). ISBN 9782251355009.

*David, Sylvie and Evelyne Geny (edd.). Troïka Parcours Antiques, volume 2: mélanges offerts à Michel Woronoff. Besançon: Presses universitaires de Franche Comté, 2012. 412 p. € 40.00. ISBN 9782848674131.

*Dyck, Andrew R. (ed., trans., comm.). Marcus Tullius Cicero: speeches on behalf of Marcus Fonteius and Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. Clarendon ancient history series. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. x, 212 p. $55.00 (pb). ISBN 9780199590056.

*Evans, Harry B. Exploring the kingdom of Saturn: Kircher's Latium and its legacy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012. xiv, 236 p. $75.00. ISBN 9780472118151.

*Felber, Anneliese, Basilius J. Groen and Michaela Sohn-Kronthaler (edd.). Toleranz und Religionsfreiheit 311-2011. Internationales Symposium an der Katholisch-Theologischen Fakultät der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, 14.-15. April 2011. Spudasmata, Bd 144. Hildesheim; Zürich; New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 2012. viii, 184 p. € 39.80 (pb). ISBN 9783487148083.

*Finkelpearl, Ellen D. An Apuleius reader: selections from the Metamorphoses. BC Latin readers. Mundelein, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc., 2012. xxxviii, 160 p. $19.00 (pb). ISBN 9780865167148.

*Fox, Matthew and Ethan Adams (trans.). Lucan: Civil war. Penguin classics. New York: Penguin Books, 2012. lxiii, 474 p. $17.00 (pb). ISBN 9780143106234.

*Gonzales, Antonio (ed.). Penser l'esclavage: modèles antiques, pratiques modernes, problématiques contemporaines. Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité. Besançon: Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2012. 187 p. € 19.00 (pb). ISBN 9782848674223.

**Günther, Sven (ed.). Ordnungsrahmen antiker Ökonomien: Ordnungskonzepte und Steuerungsmechanismen antiker Wirtschaftssysteme im Vergleich. Philippika, 53. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2012. vii, 275 p. € 54.00. ISBN 9783447067225.

*Hamel, Debra. Reading Herodotus: a guided tour through the wild boars, dancing suitors, and crazy tyrants of The History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012. xxiii, 329 p. $29.95 (pb). ISBN 9781421406565.

*Israelowich, Ido. Society, medicine and religion in the Sacred Tales of Aelius Aristides. Mnemosyne supplements. Monographs on Greek and Latin language and literature, 341. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. viii, 206 p. $140.00. ISBN 9789004229082.

**Jeffreys, Elizabeth (ed., trans., comm.). Four Byzantine novels: Theodore Prodromus, Rhodanthe and Dosikles; Eumathios Makrembolites, Hysmine and Hysminias; Constantine Manasses, Aristandros and Kallithea; Niketas Eugenianos, Drosilla and Charikles. Translated texts for Byzantinists, 1. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2012. 504 p. £ 75.00. ISBN 9781846318252.

*Jenkins, Romilly J. H. (ed.). Constantine Porphyrogenitus. De Administrando imperio: a commentary (reprint of 1962 edition). Dumbarton Oaks texts. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2012. xii, 221 p. $22.95 (pb). ISBN 9780884023791.

*Johnson, Marguerite. Boudicca. Ancients in action. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2012. 157 p. $24.95 (pb). ISBN 9781853997327.

*Jolivet, Vincent. Tristes portiques: sur le plan canonique de la maison étrusque et romaine des origines au principat d'Auguste (VIe-Ier siècles av. J.-C.). Bibliothèque des Écoles française d'Athènes et de Rome, 342. Rome: École française de Rome, 2011. x, 343 p. € 100.00. ISBN 9782728308750.

*Kellogg, Michael K. The Greek search for wisdom. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2012. 341 p. $28.00. ISBN 9781616145750.

*Kuhn, Thomas (ed., trans., comm.). Die jüdisch-hellenistischen Epiker Theodot und Philon: literarische Untersuchungen, kritische Edition und Übersetzung der Fragmente. Vertumnus Bd 9. Göttingen: Edition Ruprecht, 2012. 91 p. € 22.90. ISBN 9783846900857.

*Labbé, Gilbert. L'affirmation de la puissance romaine en Judée (63 a.C.-136 p.C.). Études anciennes. Série latine, 74. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2012. 671 p. € 75.00 (pb). ISBN 9782251328881.

*Lapadula, Erminia. The chora of Metaponto 4: the late Roman farmhouse at San Biagio (edited by Joseph Coleman Carter). Austin: University of Texas Press, 2012. xiv, 261 p. $75.00. ISBN 9780292728776.

*Light, F. L. (trans.). The Iliad, Volume two: Books nine to sixteen. New York: Rapid Traffic Press, 2011. 340 p. $14.99 (pb). ISBN 9781466458307.

*Light, F. L. (trans.). The Iliad, Volume three: Books seventeen to twenty four. New York: Rapid Traffic Press, 2011. 324 p. $14.99 (pb). ISBN 9781467983211.

*Löffl, Josef. Die römische Expansion. Region im Umbruch 7. Berlin: Frank & Timme, 2012. 697 p. € 68.00 (pb). ISBN 9783865962867.

*Luque Moreno, Jesús (ed., trans., comm.). Horacio Lírico: notas de clase. Granada: Editorial Universidad de Granada, 2012. xci, 203 p. € 30.00 (pb). ISBN 9788433853646.

*Marcellesi, Marie-Christine. Pergame de la fin du Ve au début du Ier siècle avant J.-C.: pratiques monétaires et histoire. Studi ellenistici, 26. Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2012. 282 p. € 225.00 (pb). ISBN 9788862274586.

*Murnane, William J. The ancient Egypt guide (third edition; revised by Aidan Dodson, with contributions by Nicholas Warner). Northamptom, MA: Interlink Books, 2012. 417 p., [40] p. of plates. $25.00 (pb). ISBN 9781566568586.

*Partridge, Michael and Donald Russell (edd.). Serta scissorum: the Taylors' garland: selected pieces from the Merchant Taylors' School classical versions book. Northwood: Merchant Taylors' School, 2012. vii, 136 p. £ 20.00.

*Potts, D. T. (ed.). A companion to the archaeology of the ancient Near East (2 vols.). Blackwell companions to the ancient world. Literature and culture. Malden, MA; Oxford; Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. xxxi, 1445 p. $350.00. ISBN 9781405189880.

*Rolet, Anne (ed.). Allégorie et symbole: voies de dissidence? de l'Antiquité à la Renaissance. Interférences. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2012. 597 p. € 24.00 (pb). ISBN 9782753519824.

**Schmetterer, Christoph. Die rechtliche Stellung römischer Soldaten im Prinzipat. Philippika, 54. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2012. xii, 130 p. € 38.80. ISBN 9783447067270.

*Shaw, Ian. Ancient Egyptian technology and innovation: transformations in Pharaonic material culture. BCP Egyptology. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2012. xiv, 200 p. $27.00 (pb). ISBN 9780715631188.

**Shields, Christopher (ed.). The Oxford handbook of Aristotle. Oxford handbooks in philosophy. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. 744 p. $150.00. ISBN 9780195187489.

**Suárez Martínez, Pedro Manuel. Catégories grammaticales, systèmes grammaticaux et autres questions de linguistique latine. Altertumswissenschaftliche Texte und Studien, Bd 42. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 2012. xxiv, 433 p. € 68.00 (pb). ISBN 9783487147789.

*Susanetti, Davide. Catastrofi politiche: Sofocle e la tragedia di vivere insieme. Frecce, 111. Roma: Carocci editore, 2011. 235 p. € 18.00 (pb). ISBN 9788843057856.

*Tol, Gijs Willem. A fragmented history: a methodological and artefactual approach to the study of ancient settlement in the territories of Satricum and Antium. Groningen archaeological studies, 18. Eelde; Groningen: Barkhuis; Groningen University Library, 2012. xvi, 405 p. $87.00 (pb). ISBN 9789491431036.

*Totten, Darian Marie and Kathryn Lafrenz Samuels (edd.). Making Roman places, past and present: papers presented at the first Critical Roman Archaeology Conference held at Stanford University in March, 2008. Journal of Roman archaeology supplementary series, 89. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2012. 176 p. $89.00. ISBN 9781887829892.

*Tzanetou, Angeliki. City of suppliants: tragedy and the Athenian empire. Ashley and Peter Larkin series in Greek and Roman culture. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2012. xiv, 206 p. $55.00. ISBN 9780292737167.

*Van Ackeren, Marcel (ed.). A companion to Marcus Aurelius. Blackwell companions to the ancient world. Ancient history. Malden, MA; Oxford; Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. xviii, 560 p. $199.95. ISBN 9781405192859.

*Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm. Nachlese: kleine Schriften zur Sozial- und Herrschaftsgeschichte in der griechischen und römischen Welt (herausgegeben von Iris Samotta). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012. xi, 415 p. € 62.00. ISBN 9783515099394.

*Whitaker, Richard (trans.). The Iliad of Homer: a Southern African translation. Cape Town: New Voices Publishing, 2012. 528 p. $23.50 (pb). ISBN 9781920411978.

*White, Donald. The Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya, final reports VIII: the Sanctuary's imperial architectural development, conflict with Christianity, and final days (with Joyce Reynolds). University Museum monograph, 134. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (for the Libyan Department of Antiquities), 1984. xxiv, 216 p. $69.95. ISBN 9781934536469.

*Année, Magali (ed., trans., comm.). Parménide. Fragments Poème (précéde de Enoncer le verbe être). Bibliothèque des textes philosophiques. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 2012. 215 p. € 12.00 (pb). ISBN 9782711624140.

*Bouffartigue, Jean (ed., trans., comm.). Plutarque. Oeuvres morales, Tome 14, 1re partie: Traité 63. L'intelligence des animaux. Collection des universités de France. Série grecque, 487. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2012. lxiii, 143 p. € 39.00 (pb). ISBN 9782251005720.

*Burliga, Bogdan (ed.). Xenophon: Greece, Persia, and beyond. Akanthina 5. Gdańsk: Foundation for the Development of Gdańsk University (for the Department of Mediterranean Archeology, Gdańsk University), 2011. 191 p. $30.00 (pb). ISBN 9788375311037.

*Catalfamo, Antonio (ed.). Cesare Pavese, un greco del nostro tempo: dodicesima rassegna di saggi internazionali di critica pavesiana. Supplemento a Le Colline di Pavese, 134. Santo Stefano Belbo: I Quaderni del CE.PA.M. (Centro Pavesiano Museo casa natale), 2012. 196 p. (pb).

*Cavalier, Laurence, Raymond Descat and Jacques des Courtils (edd.). Basiliques et agoras de Grèce et d'Asie mineure. Mémoires, 27. Bordeaux: Ausonius Éditions, 2012. 308 p. € 50.00. ISBN 9782356130648.

*Congourdeau, Marie-Hélène, Luc Brisson, Gwenaëlle Aubry, Bernard Collette-Ducic, Véronique Boudon-Millot, Tiziano Doranzi, et al. Porphyre. Sur la manière dont l'embryon reçoit l'âme. Histoire des doctrines de l'antiquité classique, 43. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 2012. 383 p. € 30.00 (pb). ISBN 9782711624324.

*Cooley, M. G. L. (ed.). Tiberius to Nero. Lactor, 19. London: London Association of Classical Teachers, 2011. 450 p. £ 18.00 (pb). ISBN 9780903625340.

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*Faure-Ribreau, Marion. Pour la beauté du jeu: la construction des personnages dans la comedie romaine (Plaute, Térence). Études anciennes. Série latine, 75. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2012. 447 p. € 55.00 (pb). ISBN 9782251328898.

*Forsdyke, Sara. Slaves tell tales: and other episodes in the politics of popular culture in ancient Greece. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2012. xv, 275 p. $39.50. ISBN 9780691140056.

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*Pagan, Hugh. Grosvenor Museum, Chester. Part II. Anglo-Saxon coins and post-conquest coins to 1180. Sylloge of coins of the British Isles, 64. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press (for the British Academy), 2012. ix, 145 p. $85.00. ISBN 9780197265024.

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*Pepe, Laura. Phonos: l'omicidio da Draconte all'eta' degli oratori. Università degli Studi di Milano, 50. Milano: Giuffrè Editore, 2012. ix, 258 p. € 27.00 (pb). ISBN 9788814173448.

*Potin, V. M.(†). Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. Part II. Anglo-Saxon coins 1016-1066. Sylloge of coins of the British Isles, 60. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press (for the British Academy), 2012. ix, 118 p. ISBN 9780197265017.

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**Schwarzmaier, Agnes. Die Masken aus der Nekropole von Lipari: zu Funktion und Bedeutung der Tonmasken in der Nekropole von Lipari. Palilia, Bd 21. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2012. 256 p. € 29.90. ISBN 9783895007101.

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**Wassenhoven, Maria-Evdokia. The bath in Greece in classical antiquity: the Peloponnese. BAR international series, S2368. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2012. 296 p. £ 44.00. ISBN 9781407309552.

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*Bergua Cavero, Jorge. La música de los clásicos: versiones de la poesía antigua, de la Edad Media al Renacimiento tardío. Música. La huella sonora. Valencia: Pre-Textos, 2012. 308 p. € 20.00 (PB). ISBN 9788415297673.

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*Ferreira, José Ribeiro and Delfim F. Leão. Dez Grandes Estadistas Atenienses. Extra Coleção. Lisboa: Edições 70, 2010. 285 p. € 19.90 (pb). ISBN 9789724416205.

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**Lambert, S. D. Inscribed Athenian laws and decrees 352/1-322/1 BC: epigraphical essays. Brill studies in Greek and Roman epigraphy. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. xii, 434 p. $148.00. ISBN 9789004209312.

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*Ruffell, Ian. Aeschylus: Prometheus bound. Companions to Greek and Roman tragedy. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2011. 176 p. $26.00 (pb). ISBN 9780715634769.

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*Torlone, Zara Martirosova and Maria Stadter Fox (edd., trans.). Soul and passion: Marina Tsvetaeva's classical plays (Ariadne & Phaedra). Oxford, OH: Staroe Vino, 2012. xxxix, 226 p. $19.95 (pb). ISBN 9780615608143.

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**Wescoat, Bonna Daix. The Temple of Athena at Assos. Oxford monographs on classical archaeology. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. xxiii, 318 p., 111 photos, 101 figs, 15 fold-out plans. $180.00. ISBN 9780198143826.

*Williams, Gareth D. The cosmic viewpoint: a study of Seneca's Natural questions. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. xi, 392 p. $45.00. ISBN 9780199731589.

*Semanas de Estudios Romanos, Volumen XV. En homenaje al Profesor Umberto Laffi. Viña del Mar: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2010. 511 p. (pb).

*Arnson Svarlien, Diane and Ruth Scodel (trans.; comm.). Euripides: Andromache, Hecuba, Trojan women. Indianapolis; Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 2012. xxxiii, 202 p. $11.95 (pb). ISBN 9781603847353.

*Barnes, Jonathan, et al. Eleatica 2008: Zenone e l'infinito (a cura di Livio Rossetti e Massimo Pulpito). Eleatica, 2. Sankt Augustin: Academia Verlag, 2011. 209 p. € 36.80. ISBN 9783896655585.

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*Denizot, Camille and Emmanuel Dupraz (edd.). Anaphore et anaphoriques: variété des langues, variété des emplois. Cahiers de l'ERIAC, no 4. Fonctionnements linguistiques. Mont-Saint-Aignan: Publications des universités de Rouen et du Havre, 2012. 368 p. € 27.00 (pb). ISBN 9782877755368.

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