Bryn Mawr Classical Review

This work fills a major gap in the scholarly literature on Latin grammar by providing a comprehensive and largely reliable dictionary of Latin grammatical terminology. It represents the fruits of a painstaking lexicographical documentation and description, and will be a valuable tool for students of Latin grammatical literature. However, it could be improved in a number of respects. The reviewer hopes that the following critique and detailed corrections will be of assistance to serious users of this work.

This review opens with an overall presentation of the work analysed here (1.). The next paragraphs focus on: the domain covered (2.); lexicographical aspects, i.e., micro-organization of the lexicon (3.) and translation of the source-terms (4.); philological aspects (5.); integration of (modern) literature (6.). Then follow a list of (minor) corrections (7.) and a conclusion (8.)

1. The author of the work under review presents it in the following terms: 'The subject of the present study is the terminology of the Latin grammarians. This represents a variety of technical language created and developed for the purposes of grammatical description and analysis' (p. XVIII). As such, this Lexicon fills a real gap in the historiography of ancient linguistics and in the lexicography of grammatical terminology. While for Greek grammatical terminology we have V. Bécares Botas's Diccionario de terminologyía gramatical griega (Salamanca, 1985; primarily based on the texts in G. Uhlig's Grammatici Graeci and basically intended as a 'glossing dictionary'), for Latin we had only the (Latin) dissertation by L. Job, De grammaticis vocabulis apud Latinos (Paris, 1893), which was not conceived as a lexicographical work, and which, in addition to covering only a selection of grammatical terms, is outdated in its documentation and by its historiographical information; fortunately, since 1990 we have also had the useful Index grammaticus of Lomanto and Marinone,¹ which renders excellent services as a concordance.

Schad's Lexicon consists, apart from the 'Acknowledgements' (p. XIII) and a list of 'Abbreviations' (pp. XV-XVI), of a rather substantial 'Introduction' (pp. XVII-XXIV) and 'The Lexicon' (pp. 1-430), followed by a list of 'References' (pp. 431-438) and three indices: 'English-Latin' (pp. 439-446), 'Greek-Latin' (pp. 447-452) and a list of 'Prefixed Verbs' (p. 453). Within the Lexicon five extremely useful tables are included: 'Aptotus and the formae casuales' (p. 39), 'Gerund and Supine' (p. 188), 'Impersonalia' (p. 203), 'Neuter/neutralis' (p. 263), 'Intransitive verbs' (p. 264). The Lexicon itself has about 1430 entries. The entries are given in the nominative singular when they are nouns, in the nominative masculine singular in the case of adjectives, and in the first person singular of the present indicative in the case of verbs.

2. Schad has titled her work a 'lexicon' of 'Latin grammatical terminology'. Each of these constituents deserves a careful explanation and justification; Schad's introduction is rather implicit on this matter.

(1) First, the work is more than a lexicon in the sense of 'lexical inventory'; it is intended as a (systematic) dictionary and, to some extent, as a reference-list (if not a concordance) of attestations, with rather extensive quotations, which allow the reader to check how a particular term is used in a particular context (or in a variety of contexts). As a specialised dictionary, Schad's lexicographical product could have benefited to a larger extent from the state-of-the-art in lexicography and metalexicography;² I will limit myself to pointing out, very briefly, some issues that could have deserved more reflection (and could have been straightforwardly implemented in the dictionary):

(a) the need to distinguish between straightforward gloss, explanatory gloss, transposition into modern terminology, and definition; compare the difference between the four following examples:

descisco 'defect from' (p. 125), (straightforward) gloss
detractio/detrectio 'removal', of letters (p. 127), explanatory gloss
dignitas 'intransitive construction' (p. 130), transposition into modern terminology
diastole 'mark of punctuation, indicating separation' (p. 128), definition

(b) the clear marking of the difference between conceptual meaning (or: the rendering of a term by a gloss or by a definition) on the one hand, and applicational range on the other;

(c) the making explicit of the principles used for lemmatization (see below, section 3).

(2) One would also have liked to find some further explanations as to how the term 'Latin' and the syntagm 'grammatical terminology' have to be interpreted. The implication seems to be that 'grammatical terminology' stands here for a type of 'sublanguage',³ and more specifically for the technical (meta)language of (ancient [Latin]) grammar (cf. the passage quoted at the beginning of this review, section 1). It remains unclear, however, how Schad defines and delimits (what) a grammatical term (is), and to some users of the Lexicon it may not be clear on what grounds Schad excludes rhetorical terms, but includes terms referring to poetry, to prose, and to style in general⁴ (see also section 3 concerning the inclusion of particular terms), and why she does not take into account the commentaries of grammarians on literary authors.

As to the adjective 'Latin' in the title, this should be understood as referring to (grammatical terminology used in) texts written in Latin (or, in Latin and Greek, since some of the artes grammaticae are (to some extent) bilingual texts). Several terms in the Lexicon are in fact Greek terms taken over in their morphological shape by Latin authors (and sometimes conserved in their Greek graphical shape within the textual tradition).⁵

Finally, 'Latin grammatical terminology' refers to the terminology of authors (writing in Latin) from Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. On practical grounds, such a restriction is fully justified (otherwise the Latin/Latinate terminology of writers in Modern Times should have to be included also), but while Schad seems to set the end of the 7th century as the terminus usque quem,⁶ one misses important texts of the 6th and 7th century, such as Isidorus' Etymologiae, the Ars Ambrosiana, or the Expossitio Latinitatis of the Anonymus ad Cuimnanum.

3. As to the micro-organization of the Lexicon, the overall (and maximal) structure of the entries is as follows:

term (or lemma) [in bold]
English translation, definition or explanation [in italics]
references and citations from Latin authors, with information organized according to the following relevant domains: classification, definition, subdivision/characteristics, etymology/explanation of the term, (early/earliest) attestation of term with a technical-grammatical meaning, collocations, possible points of interest
corresponding Greek term
synonyms, antonyms, and related terms
secondary literature
non-grammatical signification/use of the term

As an illustrative example, the following entry (p. 425) may be quoted:⁷

univocus

'homonymous'
Prisc. part. 3.511.12 Turnus quae pars orationis est? nomen . . . cuius est speciei? -ae: significat enim nomen proprium regis Rutulorum et appellativum piscis palustris (498.17).
neut. as noun (sc. nomen) 'homonym'
Prisc. part. 3.462.3 'arma' . . . cum . . . sit homonymon, quod quidam -um dicunt, et varias res significet. 482.22 est . . . ὁμώνυμον vel -um (497.18).
attestation: only Prisc. (index).
Prisc. uses both the Gk. term homonymon and the Latin equivalent univocum which is found in no other grammarian and appears to be Prisc.'s own creation. Amongst the grammatical terms created by the Latin grammarians, compounds such as this are less common than suffixal formations.
Gk.: ὁμώνυμον, Arist. categ. I a I; DT 36.1.
See homonymum.

This is a very informative and efficiently consultable entry. But both the gloss and the commentary could have been more elaborate:

(a) in fact, univocus/homonymon (homonymum) is used for what is predicated univocally of several 'things' belonging to the same genus; what is important, is that we have one and the same 'denomination' used for several (and this without there being involved metaphorical uses, nor homophonous forms);

(b) as accurately inventorized in Bécares Botas' Diccionario,⁹ there were many Latin translations, in the grammatical and philosophical literature, of the Greek term ὁμώνυμος: univocus; idem nomen habens; aequivocus; uninomynus.

The nomenclature of Schad's Lexicon is characterized by two features: (a) the loose (or 'liberal') conception of 'grammatical term', and (b) an analytical description. Users may feel that some entries could probably be deleted, and, in fact, some of the (sub)lemmas should be removed because they are based on an erroneous reading or on an error made in the compilation of the textual documentation.¹⁰ On several other occasions, one can have doubts about the 'grammatical' nature of the term.¹¹

I readily admit that there are cases where one can only be grateful for the inclusion of a term that does not really have a technical grammatical meaning,¹² but it seems to me that (a) a dictionary of grammatical terminology should not include terms used with their common, 'everyday' semantic load (e.g., coepi, necessitas, praeloco); (b) good reasons should be given for the inclusion of lemmas that, although they are learnèd words, cannot be properly said to be grammatical terms (e.g., adiectamentum [p. 18], breviloquium [p. 52], multifidus [p. 254]). On the other hand, if one is willing to follow Schad in her non-restrictive 'technico-lexicographical' approach, one should ask why the Lexicon has poetice 'the poetic art, poetry' and poeticus 'poetic' as entries (p. 304), but not rhetorice and rhetoricus, or why excepto 'with the exception of' (p. 154) is an entry, but not puta.¹³ It is also unclear to me why some pairs of verbs and deverbal nouns are listed as entries, whereas others are not.¹⁴

The 'analytical' treatment of the material has the advantage of convenient and targeted "item-search and consultability", but presents two disadvantages: (1) the reader has to reconstruct classificatory labels that were equivalent for Latin grammarians: e.g. adverbia separandi/separantis/separationis (a single semantic species of adverbs to be 'recomposed' out of three entries [p. 357]:¹⁵ separandi; separantis; separatio);¹⁶ (2) the same commentary is repeated under two different entries.¹⁷

Also, the 'analytical' organization of the nomenclature raises the question of lemmatization. On this matter, Schad's Lexicon could have profited from the vast literature that exists on lemmatization, with application to both dictionaries and concordances. Two important methodological points should be mentioned here:

(a) The structural reorganization of lemmas: e.g., the entry cognitio as it now stands would better be reorganized as either a double entry (cognitio prima; cognitio secunda) or as a single entry given in the form of a binomial: cognitio prima /cognitio secunda. On the other hand, the entry patiendo 'passive' (p. 292) can be deleted: the attestation given there can be grouped with those under the preceding entry patiendi (sub-meaning 2: 'passive').

(b) The alphabetical positioning of lemmas: in Schad's Lexicon we have on the one hand, under G, gens 'race, nation, people' (p. 123; in fact this refers to a semantic category, and it should have been placed under significans/significare gentem),¹⁸ and on the other hand, under P, per obtinentiam (better to be placed under O). Expressions restricted by quasi are classified, correctly in my view, under Q: quasi ad aliquid dictum (p. 337), quasi diminutio (p. 337), quasi diminutivus (p. 337).

4. Scholars interested in the history of ancient grammar, and students of Latin grammar in particular, will appreciate Schad's systematic efforts in offering a translation of the Latin grammatical terms. As already pointed out above, the translations of the entries cover a wide range of 'correspondences between a source-language and a target-language':¹⁹ one finds glosses next to transpositions into modern terminology, and definitions, or paraphrasing descriptions offering some kind of 'essential characterization'.²⁰

The difference between these types (and lexicographical strategies) is not formally (e.g., typographically) marked, nor is this metalexicographical issue discussed in the introduction. The appeal to a particular strategy is often conditioned by the very nature of the term (e.g., glossing dignitas and idioma as 'dignity' or 'idiom' would be hardly helpful, and indeed misleading).

For scholars interested in linguistic (and philological) terminology, as attested and reflected in Latin texts, it might have been interesting to refer to those dictionaries of linguistic terminology²¹ that pay specific attention to 'classical' terminology; one can think here of Springhetti's (Latin!) terminological dictionary,²² of Marouzeau's linguistic-philological dictionary,²³ and of the very encyclopedic Sprachwissenschaftliches Wörterbuch.²⁴

Schad's translations are very useful, and very often the reader can find additional information and further terminological clarification in the commentary given within an entry. I have noted a number of cases where I would propose another (or an additional) translation²⁵ for a term, and a number of cases where I hesitate to adopt Schad's translation.²⁶

5. As to the philological foundations of Schad's Lexicon, the author is quite explicit: 'The textual foundation for the present study is the corpus of the Latin grammarians edited in seven volumes by the nineteenth century German scholar Heinrich Keil. This comprises grammatical treatises of the 1st to 8th centuries, in general following a common tradition and composed along broadly similar lines. (. . .) A more exact list of the works considered in this lexicon can be obtained from the list of grammatical works printed by Lomanto and Marinone (1990: vi-vii) at the beginning of their index (vol. I). This includes all the grammarians in Keil together with a reference to the more recent editions when these are available. The same index (vol. I, p. ix) gives a list of the topics treated by the grammarians. The present lexicon is based on the authors listed in the index with some exclusions' (p. XIX); 'As indicated above, the recent editions of grammatical works, when available, are listed in the Index of Lomanto and Marinone. In this work references are regularly to Keil's edition (volume, page and line) for those works which it contains. The exceptions to this rule are the works of Charisius and Donatus for which reference is made by page and line to the editions of Barwick (1964)²⁷ and Holtz (1981)²⁸ respectively' (p. XX).

Five (relatively) recent editions of Latin grammatical texts should have been integrated, since they offer a trustworthy philological foundation:

(a) De Nonno's edition of the Anonymus Bobiensis
(b) Rosellini's edition of the Regulae of Pseudo-Remmius Palaemon
(c) Schenkeveld's edition of Iulius Romanus' fragments on the adverb in Charisius
(d) Stock's edition of Sergius' commentary on Donatus
(e) Bonnet's edition of Dositheus.²⁹

As to Schad's quotations from the extant editions, these are as a general rule very accurate apart from the occasional error and inconsistency in punctuation. A more serious case of inconsistency occurs with Schad's use of a passage in Quintilian concerning the conjunctions. Under coniunctio, Schad quotes Quintilian's text of Institutio oratoria 1.4.18 as follows (Lexicon, p. 86): [coniunction]es a plerisque dici scio, sed haec videtur ex 'syndesmo' magis propria tralatio.³⁰ But under the entry translatio (Lexicon, p. 408), and more precisely under the sub-meaning 2 'translation' (Gk. into Latin), Quintilian's text is quoted as follows: Quint. 1.4.18 haec (sc. coniunctio) videtur ex συνδεσμῷ magis propria -o.³¹

6. Any translation and/or commentary of grammatical terminology is indebted to the extant scholarly research on terms. Schad's Lexicon contains a useful bibliography of secondary literature (pp. 431-438). These studies have been integrated within the lexicographical description and commentary of entries, but Schad has taken care not to overload the contents of the entries with references to secondary literature. In a number of cases, she should, in my view, have inserted a more explicit reference: e.g., for terms relating to syntax and to (various types of) conjunctions, Baratin's 1989 study³² could have figured more prominently, and under declinatio (as well as under naturalis and voluntarius), Taylor's 1975 study³³ should have been explicitly referred to. Both studies are in Schad's bibliography.

General works, such as Pauly(-Wissowa)'s Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft³⁴ could have been included in the bibliography (for some entries, the Realencyclopädie could have been referred to); and Schulze's work³⁵ on Latin proper names could have been mentioned in the bibliography (and listed in the literature s.v. agnomen, cognomen, nomen, praenomen). In the bibliography I also miss a number of (more or less recent) monograph studies or collections of articles on the history of ancient grammar.³⁶

There are also a number of specific bibliographical additions to be mentioned:

(a) The classification and the commentary under the entry adverbium should now be revised and rewritten in view of the contributions to the thematic issue of Histoire, Épistémologie, Langage on Priscian's treatment of the adverb,³⁷ and of three detailed studies that are included in the recently published thematic issue "Das Adverb in der Grammatikographie (Teil I)" of Beiträge zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft (vol. 17/1-2, 2007).³⁸ (b) Problems in the description/classification of other parts of speech in Latin grammaticography have been dealt with in a variety of studies.³⁹ (c) Various collective volumes dealing with problems of terminology/terminography have recently appeared.⁴⁰ (d) For general background, the reader of Schad's Lexicon will find useful information in two recently published reference works.⁴¹

7. Schad's Lexicon has been carefully elaborated, printed and proofread. I have only a limited number of (minor) corrections, apart from those already pointed out.⁴²

8. The present review has focused on corrections, additions and refinements to Schad's Lexicon. As a consequence, the merits of the work have not been properly put into perspective. Therefore I would like, in conclusion, to lay emphasis on the wealth of information gathered by Schad, who has provided us with a reference tool that is both indispensable to historians of ancient grammar and extremely valuable for scholars interested in the history of linguistic concepts and terms. Schad's commentaries, though relatively succinct, will be of great help to readers looking for information concerning the origin, the development and the semantic(-referential) range of grammatical terms or to those in search of information on grammatical classifications and subcategorizations, at various levels of description. Schad also deserves our thanks for the inclusion of synoptic tables within a number of entries. ⁴³ It is to be hoped that someday the Lexicon will be made available online, with a web address for improvements, additions, revisions, philological corrections, etc. (all these to be eventually screened and implemented by a webmaster). As such, Samantha Schad's Lexicon will become a dynamically growing reference and working tool for the next generations.

Notes

1. V. Lomanto - N. Marinone, Index grammaticus. An index to Latin grammar texts, Hildesheim, Olms - Weidmann, 1990.

2. For a short presentation of the field of metalexicography, with bibliographical guidelines, see G. Petrequin - P. Swiggers, "La métalexicographie. Contours et perspectives d'une (sous-) discipline", L'Information grammaticale 114 (2007), pp. 7-10. For a systematic presentation of basic notions of (meta)lexicography, see J. Rey-Debove, Étude linguistique et sémiotique des dictionnaires français contemporains, The Hague - Paris, Mouton, 1971 and Le métalangage. Étude linguistique du discours sur le langage, Paris, Colin, 1978.

3. On this notion, see Z.S. Harris, Language and Information, New York, Columbia University Press, 1988.

4. Cf. entries such as poetice (noun) [=poeticê], poetice (adverb), poeticus, prosa, prosa oratio, suavitas, etc.

5. This is the case of, e.g.: ametabolus (p. 31), analogos (p. 33; the attestation cited is Varro 8.55: ἀνὰ λόγον si essent vocabula), antisigma (p. 35), apostrophos (p. 36), barytonus (p. 51; perhaps better: barytonos/barytonus), dasia (p. 107), diastole (p. 122; I would have preferred a lemmatization as diastolê), diathesis (p. 122), dichronus (p. 128; better: dichronos/dichronus), dionyma (p. 132; I would have preferred dionymon; compare: eponymon (p. 152), feronymon (p. 165), synonymon (p. 392)), epectasis (p. 151), historice (p. 196; I would have preferred historicê, especially since there is also an entry historice, adverb of historicus), horisticos (p. 196), hygros (p. 197), hypocorisma (p. 198), hypocorismos (p. 198), hypodigmaticus (p. 198), lexis (p. 236), monadicos (p. 251), monoclitos (p. 251), monophonos (p. 251), pandectes (p. 285; I would have preferred a lemmatization as pandectês/pandektês), paracimenus (p. 286; better: paracimenos/paracimenus), paragogus (p. 286; better: paragogos/paragogus), parasynthetos (p. 286), parataticon (p. 287), paronymos (p. 287; this should in my view have been lemmatized as paranonymon), perilepticus (p. 297), poetice [as a noun] (p. 304; better: poeticê), polyonymon (p. 305), psile (p. 333; better: psilê), syncategorema (p. 392), synonymia (p. 392), synonymon (p. 393), tetraonyma (p. 401; better: tetraonymon), trionyma (p. 401; better: trionymon).

6. 'A self-imposed chronological limit of the end of the seventh century has also led to the exclusion of Bede, the eighth-century author' (p. XIX).

7. Occurrences of the lemma in quotations are not given in full, but indicated by - (followed by an ending, if the case applies): note that the reader has to supply sometimes the correct morphophonological shape of the lemma within an occurrence (e.g.: coniunctio: -es <coniunctiones>).

8. The entry homonymum can be found on p. 196; there the reference to the entry univocus should read 'See univocus' (instead of 'See univocum').

9. V. Bécares Botas, Diccionario de terminología gramatical griega, Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 1985, p. 274.

10. aequalis (sub-meaning 1 'similar, sharing a common form', p. 27: the quotation from Dositheus 7.408.15 (sunt -ia nomina (participiis), quae nominativo casu participiis similia videntur, ut 'cultus passus visus', quorum discretio declinatione detegitur) should be read: sunt aeque alia nomina, quae . . .( See G. Bonnet (ed.), Dosithée. Grammaire latine, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2005, p. 67). Likewise, simplicus (p. 371: 'occurring singly, absolutely' exc. Bob. 1.562.6 deponentia autem -a verba): the exc. Bob. have, however, simplicia (this is also the text printed by Keil, Grammatici Latini, vol. 1, p. 562, which is the edition used by Schad).

11. This is, e.g. the case of: antecresco (p. 34 'to increase in front, acquire an addition at the beginning'), antefero (p. 34 'to place in front'), circumloquor (p. 62 'to paraphrase'), coepi (p. 63: 'to begin [with a certain letter]'), custodio (p. 105 'to keep'), defendo (p. 114 'to keep'), dico (p. 128 'to say or use a certain word; to call something by a certain name; to create a word'[the latter gloss being in my view a contextualized rendering]), emendatio (p. 149 'emendation, correction'), excepto (p. 154), exiguitas (p. 157 'smallness' [said of diminutive forms]), graeculus (p. 190 'Greek' [of a type of syllable]), habere (pp. 193-195; the verb has its normal meaning 'to have' viz. to have such or such letter/to have such or such ending/to have an accent, etc.), intaminatus (p. 220 'unchanged, uncorrupted'), intemeratus (p. 222 'unchanged, uncorrupted'), internuntius (p. 233 'intermediary'), mere (p. 34 'purely'), necessitas (p. 261 'necessity'),[ Schad comments, quite correctly: 'In both Prisc. and Macr. exc. [= excerpta] a distinction is made between two types of necessity operating in language: semantic or logical and phonetic or practical', but the fact remains that for both authors necessitas has its general meaning of 'necessity; necessary conditioning'.] nitor (p. 266 'lean on'), pereo (p. 295 'to be lost' [The subject can be littera (or the name of a letter/sound), vis or Latinitas]), praeloco (p. 311 'to place in front'), sum (p. 387[Schad translates 'have regular comparison' [of adjectives], but the two attestations quoted correspond to the normal use of esse ('to be, to exist'); see e.g. the second attestation: sunt quae ex positivi imagine per omnes gradus formantur, ut 'fortis fortior fortissimus' (Diom. 1.324.26)]). Note also Schad's commentary on the entry rigidus 'rigid, stiff' [of voiced stops and the letter q, as they receive no aspiration] (p. 351): "This was not created as a grammatical term but taken over from the ordinary vocabulary."

12. This holds, e.g., for entries such as ius, lex, mos, variatio, which offer interesting information on the sociolinguistic and (socio)stylistic views of Latin authors.

13. Also, fortis is an entry (p. 178), but not vividus, although both adjectives occur as qualifying the noun syllaba in the passage of Terentianus Maurus quoted s.v. fortis. [In the list of 'Abbreviations', p. XVI, correct 'Terenianus' into 'Terentianus'.]

14. Cf. corrumpo and corruptio; deduco and deductio; demo and demptio; derivo and derivatio; detraho and detractio; enuntio and enuntiatio; figuro and figuratio; inclino and inclinatio; muto and mutatio; but the entries dubitandi and dubitatio are not flanked by an entry dubito; and we have perfectio, but not perficio; positio, but not pono.

15. The term separativus is not used in collocation with adverbium.

16. See also other semantic classes of adverbs: s.v. demonstrandi/demonstrantis/demonstratio/demonstrativus (pp. 117-118); s.v. hortandi/hortantis/hortatio/hortativus (p. 197); s.v. negandi/negantis/negatio/negativus (p. 261-262); s.v. prohibendi/prohibentis/prohibitio (p. 325); s.v. respondendi/respondentis/responsio/responsivus (p. 350).

17. Just two examples: the commentary (11 lines) s.v. pronomen (p. 327) starting with 'Var[ro] divided words with case inflection' is identical with the one on p. 333 s.v. provocabulum; the commentary (7 lines) s.v. demonstrativus is almost identical with the commentary (p. 347) s.v. relativus.

18. In any event, it seems to me that the entry should contain the term 'significare' (even when the concept of 'meaning' is only implied); compare the entry sensum significans (p. 355: Prisc. 3.277.13 verba sensum significantia . . . accusativa . . . adiunguntur, ut 'amo' et 'desidero, ardeo').

19. On translation(al problems) of ancient grammatical terminology, see P. Swiggers - A. Wouters, "Content and Context in (Translating) Ancient Grammar", in: P. Swiggers -A. Wouters (eds.), Ancient Grammar: Content and Context, Louvain, Peeters, 1996, pp. 123-161; and "Translating Ancient Grammatical Texts", in: D. Cram et al. (eds.), History of Linguistics 1996, vol. I, Amsterdam, J. Benjamins, 1999, pp. 3-11.

20. For a good example of the latter, see the entry idioma (p. 199): 'distinctive property'.

21. For a bibliographical and methodological survey, see P. Swiggers, "Pour une systématique de la terminologie linguistique: considérations historiographiques, méthodologiques et épistémologiques", in: Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, n.s. vol. 6: La terminologie linguistique, 1999, pp. 11-49.

22. Aem. Springhetti, Lexicon linguisticae et philologiae, Romae, Apud Pontificiam Universitatem Gregorianam, 1962.

23. J. Marouzeau, Lexique de la terminologie linguistique: français, allemand, anglais, italien, Paris, P. Geuthner, 1933 [several reeditions and reprints]; also useful is F. Lázaro Carreter, Diccionario de términos filológicos, Madrid, Gredos, 1953 [several re-editions].

24. J. Knobloch (ed.), Sprachwissenschaftliches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg, Winter, 1961- (13 fascicles published).

25. I will not comment on Index II: Greek - Latin (pp. 447-451); this index can now be supplemented with the 'Index contrastif grec-latin' in L. Basset et al. (eds.), Bilinguisme et terminologie grammaticale gréco-latine, Louvain, Peeters, 2007, pp. 443-446.

26. The following is a selective list. accidens (p. 8-9): should this really be translated as 'adjective'?; character (p. 61 'character, form of a letter'): perhaps better 'shape'; congregatio (p. 83 'joint occurrence'): I would translate as 'joining'; contextus (p. 96 'coherent structure'): I would translate as 'declensional/inflectional frame' or as 'frame, context, setting'; designatio (p. 126 'designating force'): rather 'reference'; dignitas (p. 130 'intransitive construction'): I would propose 'subject-predicate construction' (corresponding to Greek ἀξίωμα); discretio (p. 134 'separation, distinction, being singled out', of pronouns): rather 'separation, distinction, singling out [by means of a pronoun]'; formula (p. 178, under 2 'form'): add 'scheme'; impositio (p. 206, under 1 'arbitrary imposition of names on objects'): perhaps better 'imposition of names on objects by a decision'; inclinamentum (p. 210 'derivative suffix'): I would prefer a less specific translation, such as 'attachment'; notatio (p. 270 'the explanation (of a term) according to its derivation, etymology'): in the passages from Cicero quoted here, I would render notatio as 'representation'; nuncupo (p. 273 'name'): better 'to designate with a name'; orthographus (p. 283 'concerning orthography'): a more accurate translation would be 'author of an orthographical text/of a work on orthography'; pars (p. 287, under 2 'subdivision'): also 'type'; per obtinentiam (p. 298 'indicating possession'): rather 'according to/through acquisition'; psile (p. 333 'absence of h/aspiration'): given that dasia (p. 107) is glossed as 'rough', I would propose here 'simple/unaffected'; for reciprocus (p. 342) applied to participles in Priscian, Schad proposes 'able to be used predicatively and attributively', but Priscian merely wants to point out the interchangeability (or reciprocal conversion) between (some) nouns and participles, e.g., lector and legens, cursor and currens (See now P. Swiggers - A. Wouters, "Le participe, unité "concrète", (étymologiquement) vraie et problématique", Incontri Linguistici 31 (2008), pp. 101-110 (esp. p. 107 note 3). See also A. Garcea - A. Giavatto, "Reciprocus - Antanaklastos. Pronomi e participi tra grammatici e filosofi", Voces 15 (2004), pp. 43-58.); significantia (p. 361 'meaning, sense'): also 'meaningfulness, significance'.

27. K. Barwick (ed.), Charisii artis grammaticae libri V (with add. by F. Kuehnert), Lipsiae, B.G. Teubner, 1964.

28. L. Holtz, Donat et la tradition de l'enseignement grammatical: étude sur l'Ars Donati et sa diffusion (IVe - IXe siècle) et édition critique, Paris, CNRS Éditions, 1981.

29. M. De Nonno (ed.), La grammatica dell' <<Anonymus Bobiensis>> (GL I 533-565 Keil). Con'un appendice carisiana, Roma, Ed. di Storia e Letteratura, 1982. M. Rosellini (ed.), Ps. Remmii Palaemonis Regulae. Introduzione, testo critico e commento, Hildesheim, Olms, 2001. D.M. Schenkeveld (ed.), A Rhetorical Grammar: C. Iulius Romanus. Introduction to the Liber de adverbio as incorporated in Charisius' Ars grammatica II.13. Edition with introduction, translation and commentary, Leiden, Brill, 2004. Ch. Stock (ed.), Commentarium de oratione et de octo partibus orationis artis secundae Donati. Überlieferung, Text und Kommentar, München - Leipzig, Saur, 2005. G. Bonnet (ed.), Dosithée. Grammaire latine, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2005.

30. The entry convinctio (Lexicon, p. 98) reads as follows: 'conjunction'. Quint. 1.4.18 Aristoteles quoque atque Theodectes verba modo et nomina et -es (P, coniunctiones AB) tradiderunt . . .in -bus autem complexus eorum esse iudicaverunt: quas coniunctiones a plerisque dici scio, sed haec videtur ex syndesmo magis propria tralatio . . .a philosophis primum -bus articuli adiecti, post praepositiones. Gk.: "suvndesmo", see s.v. coniunctio.In the list of 'Abbreviations', on p. XV, one should correct 'Quint.: Quintilian, institutiones orationis unless otherwise specified' into: 'Quint.: Quintilian, institutio oratoria unless . . ." [or: institutionis oratoriae libri XII].

31. Several remarks should be made here:

(a) it would have been recommendable to quote the same text uniformly; Radermacher's critical edition (M. Fabi Quintiliani Institutionis oratoriae libri XII. Edidit Ludwig Radermacher, Lipsiae, in aedibus B.G. Teubneri, 1965) gives the text as follows: [ . . . quorum fuerunt] Aristoteles quoque atque Theodectes, verba modo et nomina et convinctiones tradiderunt, [videlicet quod in verbis vim sermonis, in nominibus materiam (quia alterum est quod loquimur, alterum de quo loquimur),] in convinctionibus autem complexus eorum esse iudicaverunt: quas coniunctiones a plerisque dici scio, sed haec videtur ex sundevsmw/ magis propria translatio.(M. Fabi Quintiliani Institutionis oratoriae libri XII, o.c., vol. I, p. 25.)

(b) the variant form tralatio is attested in the Bern (B) manuscript, but translatio is the form adopted in the critical edition, and the one that should have been given in quotation; by internal inconsistency, Schad's Lexicon does not include an entry tralatio, but this is to the benefit of the work.

(c) the Greek part within the quotation should have been given, in Greek characters and correctly, as in Radermacher's edition.

(d) in the entry translatio the parenthetical addition within the quotation should have been '(sc. convinctio)', since Quintilian justifies his literal rendering of the Greek term.

32. M. Baratin, La naissance de la syntaxe à Rome, Paris, Éditions de Minuit, 1989.

33. D.J. Taylor, Declinatio: A Study of the Linguistic Theory of Marcus Terentius Varro, Amsterdam, Benjamins, 1975.

34. And now the online 'New Pauly' (Der Neue Pauly).

35. W. Schulze, Zur Geschichte lateinischer Eigennamen (Berlin, Weidmann, 1904; reprint, with additions: 1991).

36. Ax, W. 2000. Lexis und Logos. Studien zur antiken Grammatik und Rhetorik. Stuttgart: Steiner. Dammer, R. 2001. Diomedes grammaticus. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag. Desbordes, F. 1990. Idées romaines sur l'écriture. Lille: Presses universitaires. Matthaios, S. 1999. Untersuchungen zur Grammatik Aristarchs: Texte und Interpretation zur Wortartenlehre. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Each of these works could have been put to use within various entries of the Lexicon.

37. M. Baratin - A. Garcea (eds), "Autour du De adverbio de Priscien", in: Histoire, Épistémologie, Langage 27/2 (2005).

38. The issue editors are Aino Kärnä and Stephanos Matthaios. S. Matthaios, "Das Adverb in der Grammatikographie der griechischen Antike" (pp. 13-58); A. Wouters - P. Swiggers, "L'adverbe chez les grammairiens latins de l'Antiquité tardive" (pp. 75-118); L. Visser, "The Description of the Adverb in the Early Middle Ages" (pp. 119-158). The second part, also edited by Kärnä and Matthaios, does not include contributions on Antiquity; it was published as volume 18/1-2 of the Beiträge.

39. On the interjection: F. Biville, "La syntaxe aux confins de la sémantique et de la phonologie: les interjections vues par les grammairiens latins", in: P. Swiggers - A. Wouters (eds.), Syntax in Antiquity, Louvain - Paris, Peeters, 2003, pp. 227-239; G. Graffi, "L'interiezione tra i grammatici greci e i grammatici latini", Incontri Linguistici 19 (1996), pp. 11-18. On the pronoun: S. Carraro, "Osservazioni sulla definizione di pronome nelle Artes Grammaticae", Aevum 73 (1999), pp. 81-91; M. Lenoble - P. Swiggers - A. Wouters, "La structure des artes grammaticae latines. L'exemple du pronom", in: S. Auroux (ed.), History of Linguistics 1999, Amsterdam, Benjamins, 2003, pp. 1-18; P. Swiggers - A. Wouters, "L'analyse du pronom comme catégorie morpho-sémantique", to appear in a volume on Priscian (edited by M. Baratin, B. Colombat, L. Holtz and I. Rosier). On the adjective noun: B. Colombat, "L'adjectif dans la tradition latine: vers l'autonomisation d'une classe", Histoire, Épistémologie, Langage 14/1 (1992), pp. 101-122; M. Negri, "Adiectiuum ed epitheton nella terminologia della grammatica e dell'esegesi letteraria latina. I problemi di un <<doppione>>", in: L. Basset et al. (eds.), Bilinguisme et terminologie grammaticale gréco-latine, Louvain - Paris - Dudley, Peeters, 2007, pp. 285-302. On the noun: M. Lenoble - P. Swiggers - A. Wouters, "Étude comparative des dénominations de catégories grammaticales dans les textes artigraphiques latins de l'Antiquité", in: B. Colombat - M. Savelli (eds.), Métalangage et terminologie linguistique, Louvain, Peeters, 2001, vol. I, pp. 275-291. On the proper 'noun': S. Matthaios, "κύριον ὄνομα. Zur Geschichte eines grammatischen Terminus", in: P. Swiggers - A. Wouters (eds.), Ancient Grammar: Content and Context, Louvain, Peeters, 1996, pp. 55-77.

40. Among those of direct relevance for the contents of this Lexicon I would mention: Basset, L. et al. (eds.) 2007. Bilinguisme et terminologie grammaticale gréco-latine. Louvain: Peeters. Colombat, B. - Savelli, M. (eds.) 2001. Métalangage et terminologie linguistique. Louvain: Peeters. (2 vols.) Fögen, Th. (ed.) 2005. Antike Fachtexte. Ancient Technical Texts. Berlin: W. de Gruyter. Swiggers, P. - Wouters, A. (eds.) 2002. Grammatical Theory and Philosophy of Language in Antiquity. Louvain: Peeters. Swiggers, P. - Wouters, A. (eds.) 2004. Syntax in Antiquity. Louvain: Peeters.

41. Auroux, S. - Koerner, E.F.K. - Niederehe, H.-J. - Versteegh, K. (eds.) 2000. History of the Language Sciences. An international Handbook on the Evolution of the Study of Language from the Beginnings to the Present, vol. I. Berlin: Mouton, de Gruyter. Colombat, B. (ed.) 1998. Corpus représentatif des grammaires et des traditions linguistiques, t. I. Paris: SHESL (Histoire, Épistémologie, Langage, hors-série 2).

42. On p. 244 s.v. loquel(l)a, the commentary should read: 'Prepositional prefixes joined onto other words (loquellae) are distinguished from prepositions which collocate with case forms (casus)'. In the 'References' section, there are a number of errors: sub Alvar Ezquerra, correct: García Fernández . . . Lingüística; sub Alvarez Huerta, correct: Álvarez Huerta . . . García Fernández; sub André 1952, correct: Revue; sub Charpin 1965, correct: Revue; sub Charpin 1977, read: Diffusion H. Champion; sub Cousin 1943, correct: spéciales; sub Di Benedetto 1958 and 1959, correct: Dionisio il Trace; sub Flobert 1981, correct: Revue; sub Kaster 1978, correct: Servius and; sub Lambert 1908, correct: selon les grammairiens; sub Lejeune 1950, correct: Revue . . . Grecques; sub Malkiel 1941, read: -ivu with a long -i; sub Marache 1952, correct: archaïques; sub Panagel, correct: Panagl; sub Robins 1986, correct: Van Hoecke; sub Schuchardt 1866, read: 1866-1868, Der Vokalismus des Vulgärlateins (3 volumes); sub Serbat, correct: médiatif; sub Vendryès, correct: Vendryes; sub Wouters 1994, correct: μετ' ὀλίγον. It might also have been better to give 1959-1960 as the publication date of the fourth edition of Ernout and Meillet's Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine (of this fourth edition there are many reprints, such as the 1979 one listed in Schad's bibliography).

43. Personally, I would also have liked to see synoptic tables for the (sub)classification of the various parts of speech, as well as a comprehensive survey of the accidentia. Later editions of the Lexicon could be easily extended with a number of such tables; at the same time, they would make it possible to incorporate more attestations and, in some cases, a reorganization of the structure of some entries. (read complete article)

This is a list of books received by BMCR during the previous month; it does not include books on offer for review or books still available for review. You will find the updated list of books available for review at http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/booksavailable.html.

Mythos. Rivista di Storia delle Religioni 1 n. s. 2006-2007 (13-14 serie continua). Caltanissetta: Salvatore Sciascia Editore, 2006-2007. 264 p. €40.00 (pb). ISBN 9788882412951.

Aufidus. Rivista di Scienza e Didattica della Cultura Classica, 62-63. Roma: Edizioni Kepos, 2007. 229 p. €28.00 (pb). ISBN 9780394297x.

Études Platoniciennes V. Le divin dans la tradition platonicienne. Publication annuelle de la Société d'Études Platonicienne. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2008. 215 p. €35.00 (pb). ISBN 9782251443614.

The Cambridge Classical Journal, PCPS 54. Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, 2008. 251. (pb). ISSN 17502705.

Exemplaria classica: journal of classical philology Vol. 12 (n.s.), 2008. Huelva: Universidad de Huelva, 2008. 488 p. (pb). ISSN 1699-3225.

Allen, Michael J. B. (ed., trans.). Marsilio Ficino: Commentaries on Plato. Volume I, Phaedrus and Ion. The I Tatti Renaissance library. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press, 2008. lix, 269 p. $29.95. ISBN 9780674031197.

Anzinger, Silke. Schweigen im römischen Epos: zur Dramaturgie der Kommunikation bei Vergil, Lucan, Valerius Flaccus und Statius. Beiträge zur Altertumskunde; Bd. 237. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2007. xi, 408 p. $137.00. ISBN 9783110194784.

Bang, Peter Fibiger. The Roman bazaar: a comparative study of trade and markets in a tributary empire. Cambridge classical studies. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. xv, 358 p. $110.00. ISBN 9780521855327.

Bendall, Lisa Maria. Economics of religion in the Mycenaean world: resources dedicated to religion in the Mycenaean palace economy. Oxford University School of Archaeology, Monographs 67. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology, 2007. xvi, 369 p. $80.00. ISBN 9781905905027.

Cambitoglou, Alexander and Michael Turner. Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum. The Nicholson Museum, The University of Sydney. The red figure pottery of Apulia. The Nicholson Museum Fascicule 1 [Australia Fascicule 1]. Sydney: Australian Arcgaeological Institute at Athens; The Nicholson Museum, The University of Sydney, 2008. 97 p., [9] p. of figures, [105] p. of full color plates, CD. AUS $200.00. ISBN 9781742100913.

Chastagnol, André. Le pouvoir impérial à Rome: figures et commémorations. Scripta varia IV (Textes édités par Stéphane Benoist & Ségolène Demougin). Hautes Études du Monde Gréco-Romain 41. Genève: Droz, 2008. xvi, 492 p. $134.40 (pb). ISBN 9782600013437.

Chatfield, Mary P. (trans.). Cristoforo Landino: Poems. The I Tatti Renaissance library 35. Cambridge, Mass.; London,: Harvard University Press, 2008. xxv, 398 p. $29.95. ISBN 9780674031487.

Christakis, Kostandinos S. The politics of storage: storage and sociopolitical complexity in neopalatial Crete. Prehistory monographs; 25. Philadelphia: Institute for Aegean Prehistory Academic Press, 2008. xviii, 183+ p. $60.00. ISBN 9781931534505.

Clendenon, Cindy. Hydromythology and the ancient Greek world: an earth science perspective emphasizing karst hydrology. Lansing, Mich.: Fineline Science Press, 2009. xvii, 502 p. $32.95 (pb). ISBN 9780981842103.

Darbandi, Seyed Mohammad Reza and Antigoni Zournatzi (edd.). Ancient Greece and ancient Iran: cross-cultural encounters. 1st international conference (Athens, 11-13 November 2006). Athens: National Hellenic Research Foundation; Hellenic National Commission for UNESCO; Cultural Center of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2008. xxix, 377 p. (pb). ISBN 9789609309554.

Dickin, Margaret. A vehicle for performance: acting the messenger in Greek tragedy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2009. v, 212 p. $32.00 (pb). ISBN 9780761843559.

Draycott, Catherine M. and Geoffrey D. Summers. Kerkenes special studies 1: sculpture and inscriptions from the monumental entrance to the palatial complex at Kerkenes Dað, Turkey. Oriental Institute Publications 135. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2008. xxiv, 87 p., [98] p. of plates. $90.00. ISBN 9781885923578.

Dugdale, Eric (trans.). Sophocles, Electra. Cambridge translations from Greek drama. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. viii, 120 p. $11.00 (pb). ISBN 9780521678261.

Emlyn-Jones, Chris (trans., comm.). Plato, Republic 1-2.368c4. Oxford: Aris & Phillips, 2007. vi, 194 p. $36.00. ISBN 9780856687570.

Fortson IV, Bejamin W. Language and rhythm in Plautus: Synchronic and diachronic studies. Sozomena / Studies in the Recovery of Ancient Texts; 3. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008. 250 p. $98.00. ISBN 9783110205930.

Frangoulidis, Stavros. Witches, Isis and narrative: approaches to magic in Apuleius' Metamorphoses. Trends in classics - Supplementary volumes; 2. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008. xii, 255 p. $98.00. ISBN 9783110205947.

Gall, Dorothee and Anja Wolkenhauer (edd.). Laokoon in Literatur und Kunst: Schriften des Symposions "Laokoon in Literatur und Kunst" vom 30.11.2006, Universität Bonn. Beiträge zur Altertumskunde, Bd. 254. Berlin; New York: Walter De Gruyter, 2009. 266 p., [22] p. of plates. $137.00. ISBN 9783110201260.

Gilhuly, Kate. The feminine matrix of sex and gender in classical Athens. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. xii, 208 p. $80.00. ISBN 9780521899987.

Gleba, Margarita. Textile production in pre-Roman Italy. Ancient textiles series 4. Oxford;Oakville, CT: Oxbow Books, 2008. xxv, 269 p. $70.00. ISBN 9781842173305.

Gleba, Margarita and Hilary Becker (edd.). Votives, places, and rituals in Etruscan religion: studies in honor of Jean MacIntosh Turfa. Religions in the Graeco-Roman world; 166. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2008. xliv, 291 p. $154.00. ISBN 9789004170452.

Gunderson, Erik. Nox philologiae: Aulus Gellius and the fantasy of the Roman library. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009. ix, 313 p. $55.00. ISBN 9780299229702.

Günther, Sven. "Vectigalia nervos esse rei publicae": die indirekten Steuern in der Römischen Kaiserzeit von Augustus bis Diokletian. Philippika. Marburger alterumskundliche Abhandlungen 26. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008. viii, 197 p. €48.00 (pb). ISBN 9783447058452.

Hall, Edith and Rosie Wyles (edd.). New directions in ancient pantomime. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. xvii, 481 p. $140.00. ISBN 9780199232536.

Halliwell, Stephen. Greek laughter: a study of cultural psychology from Homer to early Christianity. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. xiii, 616 p. $65.00 (pb). ISBN 9780521717748.

Halper, Edward C. One and many in Aristotle's Metaphysics: books alpha-delta. Las Vegas: Parmenides Publishing, 2009. xli, 524 p. $48.00. ISBN 9781930972216.

Hankinson, R. J. (ed.). The Cambridge companion to Galen. Cambridge companions. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. xxi, 450 p. $29.99 (pb). ISBN 9780521525589.

Havlícek, Ales and Martin Cajthaml (edd.). Plato's Symposium: proceedings of the fifth Symposium Platonicum Pragense. Prague: Oikoumene, 2007. 349 p. €18.00. ISBN 9788072982936.

Hayes, Julie Candler. Translation, subjectivity, and culture in France and England, 1600-1800. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2009. x, 321 p. $60.00. ISBN 9780804759441.

Hoogendijk, F. A. J. and B. P. Muhs (edd.). Sixty-five papyrological texts: Presented to Klaas A. Worp on the occasion of his 65th birthday. Papyrologico Lugduno-Batava 33. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2008. xl, 416 p. $216.00. ISBN 9789004166882.

Hunter, Richard. On coming after: studies in post-classical Greek literature and its reception (2 vols.). Trends in classics - Supplementary volumes; 3. Berlin; New York: Walter De Gruyter, 2008. 908 p. $184.00. ISBN 9783110204414.

Inwood, Brad (ed.). Oxford studies in ancient philosophy. Vol. 35, winter 2008. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. 314 p. $50.00 (pb). ISBN 9780199557806.

Jaro, Benita Kane. Betray the night: a novel about Ovid. Mundelein, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2009. 312 p. $25.00 (pb). ISBN 9780865167124.

Jeffreys, Elizabeth, John F. Haldon and Robin Cormack (edd.). The Oxford handbook of Byzantine studies. Oxford handbooks. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. xxix, 1021 p. $158.00. ISBN 9780199252466.

Johne, Klaus-Peter (ed.). Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser: Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235-284) (2 vols.). Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2008. xii, 1409 p., [7] p. of plates. €178.00. ISBN 9783050045290.

Joint Association of Classical Teachers Greek Course. Speaking Greek, second edition. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 2 Audio CDs. $31.99. ISBN 9780521728966.

Joint Association of Classical Teachers Greek Course. The World of Athens: an introduction to classical Athenian culture. second edition (revised by Robin Osborne). Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. xiv, 434 p. $34.99 (pb). ISBN 9780521698535.

Joint Association of Classical Teachers. Greek Course. An independent study guide to reading Greek (second edition). Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. xi, 267 p. $32.99 (pb). ISBN 9780521698504.

Kaltsas, Nikolaos and Alan Shapiro (edd.). Worshiping women: ritual and reality in classical Athens. New York: Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation (USA), 2008. 367 p. (pb). ISBN 9780977659845.

Ketterer, Robert C. Ancient Rome in early opera. Urbana; Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2009. xi, 253 p. $40.00. ISBN 9780252033780.

Keulen, Wytse. Gellius the satirist: Roman cultural authority in attic nights. Mnemosyne supplements 297. Leiden: Brill, 2008. 365 p. $179.00. ISBN 9789004169869.

Kockelmann, Holger. Praising the goddess: a comparative and annotated re-edition of six demotic hymns and praises addressed to Isis. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008. 131 p. $84.00. ISBN 9783110212242.

Kokkinia, Christina (ed.). Boubon: the inscriptions and archaeological remains; a survey 2004-2006. Meletemata 60. Athens: Diffusion de Boccard, 2008. x, 193 p., [23] p. of plates. €86.00 (pb). ISBN 9789607905475.

Langdon, Susan Helen. Art and identity in dark age Greece, 1100--700 B.C.E. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. xviii, 388 p. $90.00. ISBN 9780521513210.

Lowe, Dunstan and Kim Shahabudin (edd.). Classics for all: reworking antiquity in mass culture. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009. xviii, 287 P. £44.99. ISBN 9781443801201.

Lowe, N. J. and Classical Association (Great Britain). Comedy (Paperback reprint of 2007 edition). Greece & Rome. New surveys in the classics, no. 37. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 169 p. $21.99 (pb). ISBN 9780521706094.

Lugaresi, Leonardo. Il teatro di Dio: il problema degli spettacoli nel cristianesimo antico (II-IV secolo). Supplementi adamantius; 1. Brescia: Morcelliana, 2008. 895 p. €40.00 (pb). ISBN 9788837222574.

Mattusch, Carol C. (ed.). Pompeii and the Roman villa: art and culture around the Bay of Naples. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 2008. xvi, 365 p. $40.00 (pb). ISBN 9780894683534.

Miguélez Cavero, Laura. Poems in context. Greek poetry in the Egyptian Thebaid 200-600 AD. Sozomena. Studies in the Recovery of Ancient Texts; 2 2. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008. 316 p. $118.00. ISBN 9783110202731.

Moog-Grünewald, Maria (ed.). Mythenrezeption: Die antike Mythologie in Literatur, Musik und Kunst von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Der Neue Pauly. Supplemente 5. Stuttgart: Verlag J. B. Metzler, 2008. ix, 749 p. €179.95. ISBN 9783476020321.

Mori, Anatole. The politics of Apollonius Rhodius' Argonautica. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. ix, 261 p. $99.00. ISBN 9780521882255.

Morris, Ian and Walter Scheidel (edd.). The dynamics of ancient empires: state power from Assyria to Byzantium. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. xii, 381 p. $85.00. ISBN 9780195371581.

Mouracade, John (ed.). Aristotle on life. Kelowna, BC: Academic Printing and Publishing, 2008. x, 197 p. $28.95 (pb). ISBN 9780920980972.

Mullaney, Ann E. (trans.). Teofilo Folengo: Baldo. Volume 2, Books XIII-XXV. The I Tatti Renaissance library; 36. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press, 2008. xii, 544 p. $29.95. ISBN 9780674031241.

Papanghelis, Theodore D. and Antonios Rengakos (edd.). Brill's companion to Apollonius Rhodius. Second, revised edition. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2008. xiii, 479 p. $225.00. ISBN 9789004161856.

Pavlock, Barbara. The image of the poet in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Wisconsin studies in classics. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009. 208 p. $55.00. ISBN 9780299231408.

Pernot, Laurent (ed.). A l'école des anciens: professeurs, élèves et étudiants: précédé d'un entretien avec Jacqueline de Romilly. Signets Belles Lettres 4. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2008. xxiv, 310 p. €13.00 (pb). ISBN 9782251030043.

Pietilä-Castrén, Leena and Vesa Vahtikari (edd.). Grapta poikila II: saints and heroes. Papers and monographs of the Finnish Institute at Athens vol. 14. Helsinki: Foundation of the Finnish Institute at Athens, 2008. i, 132 p. €25.00 (pb). ISBN 9789519880693.

Pöhlmann, Egert. Gegenwärtige Vergangenheit: ausgewählte kleine Schriften (Herausgegeben, mit einem Vorwort und einem Schriftenverzeichnis versehen von Georg Heldmann). Beiträge zur Altertumskunde, Bd. 262. Berlin; New York: Walter De Gruyter, 2009. 316 p., [12] p. of plates. $95.00. ISBN 9783110204421.

Pradeau, Jean-François. La communauté des affections: études sur la pensée éthique et politique de Platon. Histoire de la philosophie. Paris: Vrin, 2008. 224 p. € 24.00 (pb). ISBN 9782711621491.

Primavesi, Oliver. Empedokles Physika I: eine Rekonstruktion des zentralen Gedankenganges. Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete Beiheft, 22. Berlin; New York: Walterde Gruyter, 2008. 84 p., 3 plates. $56.00. ISBN 9783110209259.

Sampson, Adamantios. The Cave of the Cyclops: Mesolithic and Neolithic networks in the Northern Aegean, Greece. Vol. 1, Intra-site analysis, local industries, and regional site distribution. Prehistory monographs; 21. Philadelphia: Institute for Aegean Prehistory Academic Press, 2006. xxii, 255+ p. $80.00. ISBN 9781931534208.

Schörner, Günther and Darja Sterbenc Erker (edd.). Medien religiöser Kommunikation im Imperium Romanum. Potsdamer Altertumswissenschaftliche Beiträge. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2008. 148 p. €40.00 (pb). ISBN 9783515091886.

Segvic, Heda. From Protagoras to Aristotle: essays in ancient moral philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. xvii, 196 p. $45.00. ISBN 9780691131238.

Shapiro, Alan (trans.). Euripides: Trojan women. Greek tragedy in new translations. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. 113 p. $12.95 (pb). ISBN 9780195179101.

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Stavrianopolou, Eftychia, Alex Michaels and Claus Ambos (edd.). Transformations in sacrificial practices: from antiquity to modern times. Proceedings of an international colloquium, Heidelberg, 12-14, July 2006. Performanzen/Performances 15. Berlin: Lit Verlag, 2008. vii, 310 p. €34.90 (pb). ISBN 9783825810955.

Usher, Stephen. Cicero's speeches: the critic in action. Oxford: Aris $ Phillips, 2008. vi, 296 p. $60.00 (pb). ISBN 9780855688744.

Van Nortwick, Thomas. The unknown Odysseus: alternate worlds in Homer's Odyssey. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2009. xiv, 144 p. $50.00. ISBN 9780472116737.

Vasiliou, Iakovos. Aiming at virtue in Plato. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. x, 311 p. $99.00. ISBN 9780521862967.

Warren, Karen J. (ed.). An unconventional history of Western philosophy: conversations between men and women philosophers. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009. xvii, 554 p. $59.95 (pb). ISBN 9780742559240.

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[The reviewer apologizes for the delay in submitting this text.]

When I first saw Henderson's (H.) book on Isidore I was working on a project on ancient encyclopaedism and its transformations in early modern culture. My attention was immediately caught by the fact that a renowned Latinist, a Professor of Classics at Cambridge, had taken the trouble to write a monograph on a normally understudied author within Latin studies, one seen as a source of imaginative etymologies and fanciful information. The feeling of a challenge, which characterizes the relation of reviewer and reviewed and which is similar to that of a fencing match, is in this case sharpened by the abstruseness of H.'s language. Those who are familiar with his other works know his style, a style which tends to emphasize hidden assonances between words, to create new terms, to subvert and unmask the common meaning to serve one which supports his own ideas, and to reinstate the forgotten etymon. And precisely this kind of preface seems to be a topos in other reviews of H.'s works.

This demanding and continuous subversion and reconversion of language makes the reading of H.'s book especially tough for foreign readers, who sometimes might share feelings analogous to those of Jerome as he flung Persius' work into the flames... While reading H. the reviewer must resist the temptation to challenge him on his own linguistic terrain, neglecting the standard scholarly language explicitly required by the BMCR editors. Since in this case the reviewer has chosen to write in his poor English, this will be, to the benefit of the readers, not feasible. H.'s language and style are nearly impossible to paraphrase, so in this review I will very often quote his words directly. Particularly intriguing are his translations from the Latin text, where the author seems to be an archaeologist of his own language, (pseudo-)etymologizing words and searching for Latin roots. As an example I shall here report H.'s translation of the famous opening passage of the Etymologiae (words in italics are in bold in H.'s text):¹

DISCIPLINE + ART. Disciplearne got its name from learning: ergo it can also be called science: you see, sci-earnce is short for psychal learning, because none of us plies sciearnce without applied learning. On another line disciplearne's the word because it does plenary learning. The etymo-logy of Art is arid artillery, a combo of heartly 'ard dictates (sc. rules). Others bespeak the word's importation from the Greek '<à la arete>, i.e. 'from the complete article', the perfection they dubbed science (1.1.1-2; p. 27).

I quote H. at length here, since the major issue is precisely the language itself; that is, the Latin language, the language of Isidore and, of course, H.'s own language. Which other Latin author could have offered the chance to display H.'s continuous linguistic différance than Isidore of Sevilla?

Here it is worth recalling that the Sevillan Bishop authored a wide range of works before delivering at the end of his life in 636 his masterpiece, which would come to represent the pillar of medieval culture and of all future encyclopedias. Among those other writings, particularly interesting are the differentiae, de differentiis rerum and the synonimorum libri, all with a linguistic focus.

Isidore has been much neglected within classical studies and, particularly in the Anglo-American scholarly context, he is considered a topic which falls under medieval studies, as often happens for other late antique authors as well. H. himself recognizes the problem, all too briefly perhaps, when he argues that because of the age in which Isidore lived (7th century Visigothic Spain), he "is virtually absent from classical scholarship" (p. 5).² H. also reports Lindsay's disqualifying opinion on the Etymologiae: "this encyclopedia is not a literary work of art" (p. 7). H. (the co-author of "Classics. A very short introduction") instead defines it as "a very grand introduction to classics" (p. 9). This would have been a good opportunity to attempt to explain the sense of studying such an author and to take a position within the disciplinary discourse of the classics. One might wonder if H. would ever suggest Isidore or similar authors to one of his students as the subject for a doctoral thesis.

Considering the bibliography and the kind of close readings offered in this book, it seems clear that H. wants to look at Isidore from the perspective of classical Latin scholarship, and not so much from that of the late antique or medieval Latin, in which obviously the Etymologiae represent an authoritative text. Yet the title puts emphasis precisely on Isidore's "medieval world." H.'s book represents, nonetheless, the heritage of the best tradition of modern criticism on literary languages, a tradition which tends to rehabilitate certain texts normally not considered in their literary dimension. And these texts may contain so sophisticated a language that they finally end up becoming not only literature, but models for the renewal and subversion of literary language. Exemplary in this case is Roland Barthes' Sade, Fourier, Loyola (Paris 1971). Interesting methodological input to the study of the Etymologiae is to be found in Umberto Eco's reflection on dictionaries and encyclopaedias, in which he explains why the first has to be superseded by the most recent. In an encyclopaedia, in fact, the double distinction between natural language and model-language on the one hand and between meta-language and language as object on the other is no longer valid.³

H's brilliant work does not disappoint the reader, giving exactly what the subtitle leads one expect: "Truth from Words". It would be impossible to go through all the details of this close reading of Isidore, so I will briefly comment on its structure. In his Preface H. reminds us of the paradoxical nature of a reference work such as the Etymologiae sive Origines: "This foundational encyclopaedia is also a monument to efficient organization of data for purposes of consultation. Book culture has made it possible to produce and use such books without reading them." (p. x). H. divides his investigation in two parts, the first called "Preliminaries," the second "Reading the Etymologiae." In the first (p. 11-24, which is a revised version of a contribution to J. Koenig and T. Whitmarsh (eds.), Ordering Knowledge in the Roman Empire, Cambridge 2006, cf. BMCR 2008.10.39) H. tells the story of the epistolary exchange between Isidore and his friend the archdeacon Braulio of Zaragoza, who urged Isidore to complete his work on etymologies. Braulio was an "interventionist reader" (p. 18), who was responsible for dividing Isidore's encyclopaedia into 20 books. Here H. states that in his sequential reading in the second part he will not take into consideration the "perfunctory wind-down" of labels and book division, since "only a reading open to telling narrative self-transmutation can even contemplate strategy in any such soul-opening trek from 1 through 20, front to back" (p. 23). H. will resist "the peremptory intercession of the apparatus of headings, as so many obstacles and deterrents to reading" and instead "[pay] them respect only where they point up exegetic continuity, proportion, or direction" (p. 24). In doing so he carries through on his promise to show modern readers how to approach a reference work as literature, presenting it as a "reflexive and processual narrative" which ends up creating "an intelligible world to read" (p. xi).

In the second part (25-209) H. goes through all the themes present in the Etymologiae dividing them into those falling into "primary education" (grammar, rhetoric and dialectic) and "secondary education" (from arithmetic to astronomy, from medicine to church history, from geography to technology). This is the core of H's investigation, based on the traditional knowledge system distinguishing between the trivium and quadrivium which constitute liberal education. H. points out how Isidore's text works and which logical system has been used to compose it. This is a book on the "knowledge of knowledge" (p. 31), which discusses "how to consider, infer, discuss, civilization, insofar as its genesis is open to its own inspection" (p.34, which is also, after all, the opinion of Curtius, quoted by H. at p. 6). At the basis of this interpretive procedure is of course the alphabet of the Latin language and its intrinsic analytical strength. Considering the concept of grammar, Isidore tightly connects it to the alphabet, since "Grammar got its name from letters, for the Greeks call letters grams" (p. 32). This is an example of what H. defines as "characteristic of the Liberal Education", i.e. "the Roman bilingual lesson in self-positioning through cross-referencing Latin with/against Greek" in order to "direct the novice to look within language for truth-production through language" (p. 29).

Another point of interest is the way H. treats Book 6 of the Etymologiae on "scripture and Christian duties" (p. 99-110). Here "the Bible is itself a library, an archive, a history; and the history of its writing is another, sacred, way to write the history of the chain from Moses to Christendom" (p. 99). The Bible is presented by Isidore as the history of writing the Old and the New Testament and as "a multi-authored anthology of poetry, Psalms" (p. 100). And both the Testaments present various complications in their making, since both deal with apocryphal writings. The Bible becomes, in this sense, the original library containing all human knowledge. This way of considering book culture and the history of writing in its multiple implications reflects recent trends within Latin studies. I recall here the monograph by Antoinette Novara on Vitruvius which focuses on the "Latin philosophy of the book".⁴ The study of the archive in particular has represented for at least fifteen years a major issue in cultural studies (cf. the path-breaking works on "cultural memory" by Jan and Aleida Assmann). This could have offered an interesting perspective on the late antique world (I would say) of Isidore. And more in general, a comparison with what we today erroneously call "technical" writing could have also given an additional stimulus to this close reading of the Etymologiae. As one example, under the heading "Rhetoric," H. in his vivid translation speaks of "such a stock pile, such a vast range, of material from the long line of gurus that wonder comes easy to the reader, but grasp is out of the question," concluding: "Moral: keep conscious of textual materiality, keep Etymologiae handy" (p. 43, n. 38). This is indeed atypical and the strongest argument for presenting the book in terms of its immediate utilitas, and is obviously meant to emphasize the author's role in this procedure of shaping and transmitting knowledge.⁵

H.'s fascinating investigation unfortunately does not take into consideration the scholarly debate on the origins of medieval encyclopedism, in which Isidore's reception plays a major role,⁶ or on the general issue of the systematization of knowledge. For instance, medieval and early modern "encyclopedias" could have offered very interesting and pertinent parallels to this late antique work. Those works may follow the same language-based criterion as Isidore, or they may create new criteria in order to explicate the secret universal harmony of knowledge.⁷ A reference to the development of the encyclopaedic genre could have been an occasion to contextualize the Etymologiae within the long run of the history of knowledge in Europe, showing its relevance and modernity, especially considering our "contemporary logophilia and, in general, the graphematic turn" (p. 5).

Apart from these minor criticisms The Medieval World of Isidore of Seville. Truth from Words not only offers an important contribution to scholarship on Isidore, but shows how classicists can and should expand the borders of Latin studies into new fields and methods. In the end, the demanding reading more than rewards itself: it gives Latin scholars the passing, intriguing illusion of being able to watch over an ancient author's shoulder while he writes. Notes

1. DE DISCIPLINA ET ARTE: Disciplina a discendo nomen accepit: unde et scientia dici potest. Nam scire dictum a discere, quia nemo nostrum scit, nisi qui discit. Aliter dicta disciplina, quia discitur plena. Ars uero dicta est, quod artis praeceptis regulisque consistat. Alii dicunt a Graecis hoc tractum esse uocabulum ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρετῆς, id est a uirtute, quam scientiam uocauerunt.

2. Registering his surprise, H. gives the topographically nearest bibliographical reference, the famous Chuckle (for non-Cantabrigienses this means The Cambridge History of Classical Literature).

3. U. Eco, "L'antiporfirio", in Sugli specchi e altri saggi, Milan 1985, 334-361, see esp. 355-360 "L'enciclopedia come labirinto".

4. Auctor in bibliotheca. Essai sur les texts prefaciales de Vitruve et une philosophie latine du livre, Louvain 2005.

5. In the field of ancient book culture and its Christian transformation, including the change of material aspects, see A. Grafton and M. Williams, Christianity and the transformation of the book: Origen, Eusebius, and the library of Caesarea, Cambridge MA 2006.

6. Cf. at least M. Picone (ed.), L'enciclopedismo medievale, Ravenna 1994; F. Eybl et al. (eds.), Enzyklopädien in der Frühen Neuzeit, Tübingen 1995; Ch. Meier (ed.), Die Enzyklopädie im Wandel vom Hochmittelalter bis zur frühen Neuzeit, München 2002.

7. Cf. for instance U. Dierse, Enzyklopädie : Zur Geschichte eines philosophischen und wissenschaftstheoretischen Begriffs, Bonn 1977; W. Schmidt-Biggemann, Topica Universalis. Eine Modellgeschichte humanistischer und barocker Wissenschaft, Hamburg 1983; Th. Leinkauf, Mundus combinatus. Studien zur Struktur der barocken Universalwissenschaft am Beispiel Athanasius Kirchers SJ, Berlin 1993. (read complete article)

Teachers of Latin in the initial stages often feel that they have a problem concerning the authenticity of the texts used to exemplify grammatical points. This is usually solved by simply accepting the need to invent brief examples specifically for the purpose, but Matthew Hartnett, teacher at St Mark's School in Southborough, Massachusetts, has hit on a more interesting plan; using genuine inscriptions and graffiti in order to exemplify straightforward morphological and syntactic features of Latin. They are not usually composed in a natural spoken register, of course, but they are undeniably usually short, and in fact examples can be found which do demonstrate all the main features of Latin grammar.

This is not a textbook in itself, and will require both a teacher and a separate grammar book to be effective. The first part of the book, "Nouns: the Uses of the Cases", contains thirty-nine inscriptions, presented in three sections: "Nominative and Accusative"; "Genitive and Dative"; and "Ablative". There is no explanation here of what these names mean, what the relevant endings are, or what the forms are for, which will presumably have been explained already. The other three parts are "Verbs: the Forms of the Indicative", with twenty inscriptions, in four sections; "Miscellaneous Forms and Constructions", with forty-three inscriptions, in six sections; and "The Syntax of the Subjunctive Mood", with forty inscriptions presented in eight sections.

There are thus one hundred and forty-two inscriptions in all. Each inscription is given a heading related to its content, a reference to the published source (usually CIL), a version in bold type and capital letters intended to be similar to the attested inscription, an edited version in normal bold type and punctuation (emended in such a way as not to contradict precepts given by the teacher, which begs a number of questions), a few lines of comment on the content allied with a partial paraphrase, and a glossary of several of the words. Seven of the more legible inscriptions are given a photograph, eleven are given a drawing, and two reproduce an illustration from an earlier publication (of 1897). This explanatory material does not include a translation, nor, for the most part, any linguistic comment on the use of the feature which it is intended to demonstrate. The fact that some of these texts are in hexameters or elegiacs passes unmentioned. Indeed, little linguistic pedagogical material interrupts the flow apart from a few gnomic references in the glossaries, and it is easy for a reader to forget that this is the purpose of the exercise. Since so many of the texts are epitaphs, the comments on the content tend to take the form of a question concerning the view of death taken in the phrasing, attitudes which are indeed surprisingly varied, but may not improve classroom morale.

The inscriptions themselves are varied. They were engraved, scratched or painted, as inscriptions on monuments, graffiti on walls, epitaphs, notices, adverts, messages on signs, rings, slave-collars, lamps and the Vindolanda tablets; the majority are from Rome or Pompeii, but there are also examples from England, France, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Germany, Hungary, Croatia, Romania and Turkey (manifesting no noticeable diatopically interesting variations); the majority are undated here, the earliest one given a dating being one quoted by Livy (6.29.9) but now lost, of the fourth century B.C., and the latest a Christian one of A.D. 381 (although one undated case is surprisingly taken from a fifteenth-century manuscript reference). No diachronic observations are made at all. This is unusual in itself, since linguists are used to these data being adduced in support of arguments concerning geographical variation, including Oscan or Umbrian evidence, for example, or chronological evolution, including attestations of archaic usage or of newly developing forms, such as those which the late József Herman used in most of his studies of "Vulgar" Latin, rather than to exemplify normal usage.

The book is neatly printed and is likely to turn out to be pleasant and instructive to use in class if the teacher gives it careful preparation in advance. The indexes could be exploited in interesting ways, since (for example) not all the illuminating uses of the ablative occur in the section entitled "Ablative". And it is always worth reminding students at more advanced levels that the great literature in what we call "Classical" Latin was a marked genre and a minority sport of the erudite, and that Latin as a whole (what used to be called "Vulgar Latin" until it became obvious that everybody used it) was rather different. Those with a particular interest in inscriptions will find this book useful too. But overall it will probably strike most potential readers as a charming curiosity. (read complete article)